APAH KW Ch.27: Napoleon, Romantic and Realistic

Academic Art

sanctioned by the Royal academies, which provided instruction and sponsored exhibitions. They focused on traditional subjects and highly polished technique.

Apotheosis

elevation to divine status

Art for Art’s Sake

the painter’s first loyalty is to the canvas not the outside world or the patron and certainly not for use

Barbizon school

specialized in detailed pictures of forest and countryside without sentimentalism or romanticism

Class Struggle

Karl Marx and Frederic Engels wrote the Communist Manifesto, which called for the working class to overthrow the capitalist system as labor was exploited to benefit the wealthy and the powerful

Daguerreotype

a process developed in the early 19th century in which a photograph is produced on a silver plate, made sensitive by the action of iodine

Empiricism

the search for knowledge based on observation and direct experience

Gothick

the ghoulish, infernal nightmarish, grotesque, the sublime (the fantastic, the occult, the macabre)

Hudson River School

a group of American artists who were interested in the American landscape particularly the undeveloped wilderness areas not just the Hudson River but all the developed wilderness even South America

Lampoon

satire and ridicule

Landscape painting

in the Romantic style was often “picturesque” and used nature as an allegory to comment on spiritual, moral, historical, or philosophical issues. Nature was seen as a “being”-”the living garment of God’ (Goethe)

Lithography

uses a greasy crayon to write on a stone, the wipes water on the stone. The artist then oil based ink onto the stone, presses the paper to the stone and the drawing transfers to the paper.

Modernism

seeks to capture the images and sensibility of their age. Besides dealing with the present it also involves the artist’s critical examination of and reflection on the premises of art itself

Napoleon

established an Empire from 1789 to 1815. He favored the Neo classical style in painting, sculpture and architecture

Odalisque

a female slave in the harems of the East. It was a favorite subject of the 19th century artists in a reclining position

Pantheism

a doctrine that equates God with the forces and laws of the universe

Positivism

developed by August Comte, believed in a purely scientific, empirical to nature and society. He believed that scientific laws governed the environment and human activity and could be revealed through careful recording and analysis of observable data

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood

organized in 1848 wished to create a fresh and sincere art free from what they considered a tired and artificial art sponsored by the academies

Realism

focused attention on the experiences and sights of everyday contemporary life portraying the images previously through unworthy—the mundane and trivial working class laborers and peasants on a scale previously reserved for grand history painting

Romanticism

a profound revolution in the human spirit of the late 18th and early 19th century. The most important elements were feeling for nature, emphasis on subjective sensibility (awareness) and emotion imagination, interest in the past, the mysterious, and the exotic.

Second Industrial Revolution

centered on steel, electricity, chemicals and oil

Supine

exhibiting indolent inertia or passivity

Vista

a distant through an opening