LEC 18 RESPIRATORY

What is the function of nose hairs?

To filter insects and large particles from inhaled air

What are the 5 functions of the nasal cavity for the air you breathe?

1. WARM

   1. cold air can freeze lungs

   2. warmed by superficial veins.

2. MOISTEN air

   1. glands secrete fluid to humidify air

3. Increase TURBULENCE in airflow

   1. more time for warming and moistening

1. ENHANCE sense of SMELL.

2. CLEAN air

   1. mucus is sticky

   2. cilia move dirt down the back of the throat to be swallowed

Where do tears drain out of the eye?

Lacrimal duct

From the middle ear, where does the Eustachian tube open into?

Nasopharynx

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Which part of the pharynx is at the back of the mouth and visible when you open your mouth?

Oropharynx

Which two structures separate the oropharynx and nasopharynx?

Soft palate and uvula

What is the function of the uvula?

To move upward when swallowing and prevent food from entering the nasal cavities

What are the two functions of the larynx?

1. Produce sounds using vocal cords.

2. 2. Prevent food from entering the lungs.

What is the name of the opening of the larynx?

Glottis

What is the name of the flap that covers the opening of the larynx?

Epiglottis

What does the epiglottis do?

It flaps over the glottis during swallowing to prevent food from entering the trachea.

The ability to vary the pitch of the voice results from what?

Varying the tension in the vocal folds

What procedure is done in a choking emergency?

Tracheotomy above the jugular notch

In a runner breathing heavily during a race, is the glottis open or closed?

Open as far as possible

What are inflamed vocal cords called?

Laryngitis

Name the layers of the trachea from superficial to deepest.

Mucosa, submucosa, adventitia

What are the two parts of the mucosa?

Epithelium (most superficial, closest to lumen)

lamina propria (second most superficial)

What is the deepest layer of the trachea?

Adventitia

If you inadvertently inhale something, which lung does it tend to go into?

Right lung

Where does lung cancer occur slightly more frequently?

Right lung

Why do most foreign substances in inspired air fail to reach the lungs?

Ciliated epithelium and mucus lining the respiratory passages trap and remove them

What does the left lung have that the right lung does not have?

Cardiac notch

Do lungs receive oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

Deoxygenated blood

What types of bronchi supply the lungs?

Primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi

How many lobes does the left lung have?

Two lobes

How many lobes does the right lung have?

Three lobes

What three changes occur as conducting tubes become smaller?

Cartilage rings —→ irregular cartilage plates

cartilage disappears

epithelium lining thins

What three changes occur as the conducting tubes of the respiratory tree become smaller, and what thing does not change?

CHANGES:

• Cartilage rings are replaced by irregular plates of cartilage.

• Cartilage disappears in the bronchioles.

• The lining epithelium thins.

DOESN’T CHANGE

• Elastin stays in the walls

What happens when diaphragm muscles contract?

The thoracic cavity increases in size and air rushes into the lungs

What allergic condition causes bronchioles to constrict and block airflow?

Asthma

COPD is a combination of what two conditions?

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema

What is the chronic respiratory disease that leads to an expanded "barrel chest"?

Emphysema

What is the flu caused by a virus that you are vaccinated against?

Influenza

What is the detergent produced within the alveoli that coats them?

Surf act ant

What is the function of surfactant?

Helps with LUNG INFLATION by preventing alveolar walls from sticking together during exhalation

What syndrome occurs when surfactant is not produced in premature babies?

Respiratory distress syndrome

What is the lining of the thoracic cavity?

Pleura

What is the stabbing chest pain caused by rubbing together of inflamed pleural membranes called?

Pleurisy

What three things happen when the diaphragm contracts?

1. Thoracic cavity size increases.

2. Thoracic cavity pressure inside drops

3. Air flows into lungs

What is the condition when there is a hole in the pleura causing a collapsed lung?

Pneumothorax

What is an infection caused by bacteria that capsule themselves in the lungs where antibiotics cannot reach?

Tuberculosis

What infectious illness results in accumulation of fluid in the alveoli?

Pneumonia