AP HUG Unit 6 review

Cities and Urban Land-Use Patterns and Processes

central place theory

all market areas are focused on a central settlement

threshold

the minimum number of people required to support a business

range

the maximum distance that people are willing to travel to gain access to a service

agglomeration

exists when similar business activities are found in a local cluster

resource nodes

towns and cities that were founded due to access to natural resources

squatters

people who settle on land that they don’t own

land invasion

squatters that generally settle a new area overnight with a large number of families to avoid retributions from landowners and local police

land tenure

the legal right or title to the land upon which they build their homes

micro districts

zones of uniform housing that provide worker housing near job sites

suburbanization

the growth and spatial reorganization of contemporary city

suburban sprawl

the expansion of housing, transportation, and commercial development to undeveloped land on the urban periphery

counterurbanization

the movement of inner-city or suburban residents to rural areas to escape the congestion, crime, pollution, and other negative aspects of the urban landscape

colonial cities

cities with origins as centers of colonial trade or administration are classified together

fall-line cities

the ports that lay upstream on coastal rivers at the point where navigation was no longer possible by ocean-going ships

fall-line

where a river’s tidal estuary transitions to an upland stream at the first set of river falls

gateway cities

places where immigrants make their way into a country

entrepot

a port city in which goods are shipped in at one price and shipped out to other port locations at a higher price, resulting in profitable trade

megacity

more than 10 million people

megalopolis

the merging of the urbanized areas of two or more cities, generally through suburban growth and expansion

global/world city

signifies a metropolitan area as a global center for finance, trade, and commerce

primate city

when the largest city in a country has at least twice the population of the country’s next largest city

rank-size rule

a country’s second largest city is half the size of its largest city; the third-largest city is one-third the size of the largest city; and so on, such that the eighth largest city is one-eighth the size of the largest city

de facto segregation

where no law requiring ethnic or racial segregation exists, yet they nonetheless remain zones of separation

redlining

When banks refuse to give loans or insurance for property based on race

restrictive covenants

means of racial discrimination through the real estate system

gentrification

High value urban renewal that leads to the displacement of poorer residents

bond levies

raise money by increasing property taxes

brownfield remediation

a process in which hazardous contaminants are removed or sealed off from former industrial sites

Urban hierarchy

A ranking of settlements according to their size and economic functions

Blockbusting

When estate agents convince white owners to sell their houses at a low price due to the fear that a poc will move in

Metacity

Over 20 million

boomburb

a rapidly growing suburban city that has developed its own unique identity

exurb

a settlement that exits outside of a suburban area but remains connected to the metropolitan area

edge city

a settlement that has its own economic district and is located on the outskirts of a city near a beltway or a major highway

linkages

the connection between places or regions (ex. transportation linkages which involve movement of goods and people)

economic sustainability

focuses on creating inclusive economic development that offers equal opportunities to all residents

social sustainaibility

focuses on creating communities that provide education, healthcare services and social opportunities for all residents

white flight

when white residents migrate out of an urban area to a suburban area in larger numbers

urban blight

the deterioration and decay of buildings in an urban area, usually being abandoned, stripped or vandalized

smart growth policies

urban policies that seek to reduce urban sprawl and protect farmland surrounding the city

greenbelt

an area of land outside an urban area set aside for conservation or recreational purposes

infill development

building within an existing developed area on land that is unused