Motor Development Exam 3

Ballistic Skill

performer applies force to an object in order to project it

Ballistic Examples

Throwing, kicking, striking

Product measures

quantitative, based on the outcome of the skill performance

Product examples

Accuracy, distance, ball velocity

Process measures

qualitative, concerned with how the skill is performed

Process examples

developmental sequence

Early overarm throw

Mostly arm action

elbow pointed up

throw executed by elbow extension alone

trunk flexion (no rotation)

no stepping

Proficient overarm throw

preparatory windup

weight shift

trunk rotates back

arm makes circular downward backswing

opposite leg, long step. differentiated trunk rotation

movement sequential to transfer momentum

Adulthood throw

moderately advanced steps
moderate ball velocities

decline in performance

slowing of movement

Throwing accuracy

use lower developmental steps

Early kicking

no step is taken

kicking leg pushes forward

no trunk rotation

arms stationary

Proficient Kicking

preparatory windup

trunk rotated back, kicking leg cocked, knee bent

forward trunk rotation

movement sequential

arm opposition

Early punting

ball tossed

contacts ball with toes

proficient kicking

arms extended to drop ball

arms drop to sides, opposition to legs

punter legs onto supporting leg

swings punting leg

punting leg is straight, toes pointed

Early Sidearm Striking

chopping motion (elbow extension)

little leg and trunk movement

child faces object to be struck

Proficient Sidearm

sideways preparatory stance

long step

differentiated trunk rotation

horizontal swing (arms extended before contact)

sequential movements

Early overarm striking

movements look like early overarm throwing

stationary feet

limited trunk rotation

swing with collapsed elbow

little to no lag with swing forward

Proficient overarm striking

lower and upper trunk rotated more than 90degrees

elbow held between 90 and 119 degrees

racket lags behind arm in forward swing

foot opposite to striking hand

open kinetic chain

trunk action, humerus forearm action

components of the developmental sequence of throwing

Distance; accuracy

developmental sequence that have been constructed for throwing address a throw for rather than

14

how many were observed in the 2002 research study conducted by Langendorfer and Roberton

Manipulative skill

skill in which and individual handles an object with the hands(finger) or other body parts

Manipulative skill examples

pencil, toys, bat, racquets

Prehension development

1. dependent upon individual, environment, task interactions

2. constantly refined over time

3. dependent upon the size and shape of object

Halverson 3 basic methods of reaching

sweeping, indirect or circuitous scooping method, direct reach

Sweeping

is the hand and arm in backhand manner towards the object

indirect or circuitous scooping method

involved approaches from various angles

Direct reach

evident in motorically mature children

Hand-Mouth movement

3-4 months consistent moving hand to mouth

5 months, open mouth in anticipation of hands arrival

complementary movements

hands doing different things

holding jar to open lid

cooperative movements

bimanual grasping using both hands

clapping, holding

Kauranen & Vanharanta

manual performance decline after 50

movements slowed; coordination scored decline

Contreras-Vodal

performed back and forth handwriting movements

some loss in coordination of handwriting

Hughes et al

grip strength declined

individuals exceeded time threshold of performance test

Early catching

position arms and hands rigidly

trap ball against chest

turn head away or close eyes

Proficient catching

gradually absorb force

moves side to side, forward backward

fingers pointed up for high balls

pointed down for low balls

Invariants

stable patterns (movement in gravity)

Expanding optical array

visual patterns that expand (toward) or constructs (away) on retina

Older Adulthood Catching

influenced by factors affective movement speed/ability to reach

less accurate and more variable on coincident-anticipation task

coincidence- anticipation

ability to produce a response that accurately coincides with the arrival of a moving stimulus

Thelen (1993)

infants transition from preaching to reaching at 3-4 months

teen year

coincidence-anticipation performance is well developed

Precise calculations

information processing perspective, individuals must __ to become proficient catchers

How do infants learn to reach for and grasp objects

they make self generated movements and receive proprioceptive and touch feedback to direct the reach

they amp their vision onto their arm movements

Optical acceleration cancellation strategy

use virtual reality has supported which proposal for explaining outfielders catching fly balls

Concepts associated with the perception-action perspective of catching

affordance, optic array

Sensation

neural activity triggered by a stimulus activating a sensory receptor

sensory nerve impulses travel along sensory nerve pathways to brain

Perception

multistage process in the brain

includes selection, processing, organization, and integration of information received from the sense

Visual Development

Visual Acuity

sharpness of sight or amount of detail that can be seen

in an object

Dynamic visual acuity

ability to see the detail in moving objects

Senile Miosis

normal with age

restriction of light entering eye

decrease in resting diameter of pupil

Presbyopia

decreased ability to accommodate near object with age

40+ years old

loss of elasticity in lens, decreased strength of ciliary muscles

cataracts

Clouding of eye lens

Glaucoma

high pressure in eye

first loss in peripheral vision

not treated: loss of central vision and optic nerve damage

Diabetic retinopathy

vessels in retina may hemorrhage

discolors vitreous humor of eye

detached retina can occur

Dry

breakdown of light sensitive cells in macula

wet

new blood vessel behind retina leak and destroy macula

results in blindness

strabismus

misaligned eyes

binocular vision

coordinated eye movements

depth perception

cerebral function, mature by 6 yrs old

retinal disparity

difference between imaged cast on the two retinas

convergence

depth cue from muscles that control eye movement

Motion Parallax

as we move, objects that are closer to us move farther across our field of view than od object that are in the distance

Optic flow

pattern of apparent motion of objects in a visual scene caused by the relative motion between an observer and the scene

Figure-and-ground

objects of interest seen as distinct from background

whole-and-part

parts of a picture or object discriminated from whole yet be integrated

parts and whole perceived simultaneously

Size constancy

perception of actual size remain constant despite size of image on retina

shape constancy

retinal image changes when the orientation of object relative to the observer changes but the perceived shape of the object does not change, it remains constant

Spatial orientation

orientation or position of objects

orientation of letters

Somatosensor

muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, joint receptors

Vestibular apparatus (inner ear)

rotation motion, linear acceleration

muscle spindles

gauge the amount of tension within the muscle

senses how the muscle is stretched

Golgi tendon organs

monitors tension in the muscle

joint receptive

limit detectors

Rotational motion

semicircular canals

angular accelerometers

linear acceleration

otolith organs

utricle and saccule

Tactile Localization

ability to identify exact spot on body being touched without vision

laterality

knowing ides of body are distinct

labeling left and right (4-5 years)

children show adult-like response by 10

lateral dominance

preferring one eye, ear, hand, foot over the other

handedness established around 4

directionality

project the body’s spatial dimension into surrounding spaces

3 structures in hearing

external ear, middle ear, cochlea

Temporal patterns

perceived by age 1: important for speech

intensity change

detaches between 5-11 months

frequency discrimination

simple, short sequence by infants younger than 6 months

Body’s location, orientation

kinesthetic spatial orientation involves what

Visual-kinesthetic

perception is the type of intermodal perception that coordinates the properties of objects first seen and then felt

5%; 10

the acuity of infants vision is about that of adults, and it reaches adult levels of acuity by years of age

Retinal disparity, motion parallax

sources of information about distance and depth perception

neocerebellum

newer area of cerebellum that receives afferents rom the cortex

Prefrontal cortex

involved in motor activity in addition to planning and decision making

ecological view

the affordance that is perceived

Body scale

an individuals size relative to the environment

Pressure

center of __ is a common measure of balance

Visual cues, proprioceptive feedback

children rely on what to maintain static balance

perception of surface texture slope, depth perception

locomotor experience facilitates with

surface texture and slope perception, spatial perception

self-produced locomotion is important to the development of

motor, perceptual, cognitive

systems are interrelated

Affordances

refers to the actions or behaviors for or permitted to an actor by the places, objects, and events in and of an environment