M1 U1 DEFINITION OF TERMS

In 2018, who noticed the bulging of the juglar vein in David by Michealangelo?

Dr. Danie Gelfman

The study of disease

Pathology

It is devoted to the study of the structural, biochemical, and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs that underlie disease.

Pathology

Purpose of Pathology

• It attempts to explain the why’s and wherefores of the sign and symptoms manifested by patients.

• Provides a rational basis for clinical care and therapy.

It is the bridge between the basic sciences and clinical medicine.

Pathology

Scientific foundation of all medicine

Pathology

2 Traditional Divisions of Pathology

• General Pathology

• Systemic Pathology

It is concerned with common reactions of call and tissue to injurious stimuli. Non-tissue specific

General Pathology

(General or Systemic) Inflammation caused by bacterial infection appears similar in most tissues.

General Pathology

Examines the alterations and underlying mechanisms in organ specific diseases.

Systemic Pathology

(General or Systemic) Ischemic Heart Disease

Systemic Pathology

4 Aspects of disease process that form the core of pathology

• Etiology

• Pathogenesis

• Morphologic changes

• Clinical manifestations

“Cause of the disease

Etiology

Sequence of biochemical and molecular events that follow the exposure of cells or tissues to injurious agent.

Pathogenesis

Structural alterations induced in the cells and organs of the body that are either characteristic or diagnostic of an etiologic process.

Morphologic changes

Functional consequences of the disease

Clinical Manifestations

2 General kinds of etiology

• Genetic

• Acquired

Inherited mutations, and disease associated gene variants, or polymorphisms

Genetic

Disease due to infectious agents, nutritional deficiency, chemical poisons, physical agents, abnormality in immunological reactions, psychological factors.

Acquired

One of the main domains of pathology

Pathogenesis

Used traditionally by diagnostic pathology to determine the nature of a disease and to follow its progression.

Morphologic Changes

Limitation of morphologic changes

Identical lesions arising from distinct molecular mechanisms like tumors and breast cacer.

Moleculara analysis technological advances

“Omics”

• Genomics

• Proteomics

• Metabolomics

End results of genetic, biochemical, and structural changes in cells and tissues which lead to clinical menifestations and progression.

Functional Abnormalities

Signs and Symptoms

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical course and outcome

Progression

Disease Process

• Cause

• Pathogenesis

• Morphologic Changes

• Functional Derangements

Another term for Medical Technology Laboratory

Clinical Pathology Laboratory

A pathophysiological response to internal and external factors

Disease

A disruption of the disease to the normal or regular functions in the body or a part of the body

Disorder

Refers to a disease or a disorder that has more than one identifying feature or symptom.

Syndrome

They become the basis for diagnosis and treatment.

Abnormalities in systemic functions

What do the abnormalities cause in a diseased person?

• Physical and Emotional signs and symptoms

• Pain

• Dysfunction

• Distress

• Social Problems

• Death

Example of Disease

Cardiovascular disease

Example of disorder

Arrhythmia

A disorder arising from the disease Cardiovascular disease.

Arrhythmia a disorder arising from the disease Cardiovascular disease.

Classification of Disorders

• Mental

• Physical

• Genetic

• Emotional

• Behavioral

• Structural

Example of Syndrome

Down Syndrome

Syndrome with an extra copy of chromosome 21.

Down Syndrome

Determination of the nature of a disease expressed in a concise manner.

Diagnosis

Probable outcome of a disease in a living individual.

Prognosis

It is the clinicians estimate of the severity and possible result of a disease

Prognosis

A forecast of the probable course and outcome of a disease, especially of the chances of recovery.

Prognosis

Sudden onset or rapid course

Acute

Slow onset or long duration

Chronic

Short (often less than a month) clinical course. Usually respond to therapy and return to a state of complete, normal or premorbid state.

Acute

Examples of Acute diseases

• Broncitis

• Appendicitis

• URTI

Examples of Chronic Diseases

• Asthma

• COPD

• Diabetes Mellitus

• Chronic Kidney Disease

A disease with no identifiable cause

Idiopathic

Pathology caused by a physician and their treatment.

Iatrogenic

Infection acquired outside a health care facility.

Community Acquired Infection

Hospital Acquired Infection

Nosocomial

Example of Iatrogenic circumstance

Retained forceps after abdominal surgery causing intestinal obstruction.

A diagnosis of exclusion. There is limited literature describing the methodology to define a disease with no clear diagnostic criteria.

Idiopathic

Occurs within 48 hours of hospital admission , 3 days of discharge or 30 days of operation.

Nosocomial

Diseases that are not transmitted through contact with an infected or afflicted person.

Non communicable diseases (NCD)

Diseases that can be spread from one organism to another. This includes spread from one person to person or animal to humans.

Communicable diseases

They are caused by various genetic, physiological, environmental, and behavioral factors.

Non communicable disease

4 main types if NCD's (WHO)

• Cancer

• Cardiovascular disease

• Chronic Respiratory Disease (ASthma/COPD)

• Diabetes

2 terms that a disease can spread

• Infectious

• Contagious

To affect of contaminated someone with pathogenic microorganisms.

Infectious

Spread through direct bodily contact with an infected person, their discharges or an object or surface they have contaminated.

Contagious

Major ways of spread

• Direct contact with an infected person, animal or their discharges (saliva; body fluids such as blood, urine, semen; respiratory droplets/ aerosols )

• Direct contact with contaminated object

• Contaminated food or water

• Disease carrying insects (Vectors)

Meaning of the Latin word ‘Contagio’

Touching/Contact

All _______ are _________ but not all are ____________.

Comminicable Disease;Infectious;Contagious

When will an infectious disease become contageous?

When it spreads through direct, bodily contact with an infected person, their discharges, or an object or surface they have contaminated.

(Infectious or Contagious) Malaria

Infectious because it caused by a parasite, but it is not contagious because a vector is needed to transmit the infection.

(Infectious/Contagious) Tetanus

Infectious but not contagious because you do not get it by shaking hands with someone who has tetanus.

(Infectious/Contagious) COVID 19

Both infectious and contagious because you can get directly from a person by aerosol spray and from inanimate objects contaminated with a discharge from an infected person.