human bio revision

head

7.5-8

M

½ height

hand+wrist

1 head

hand

¾ head

nipple

2 head

navel

3 head

symphysis

4 head

middle of thigh

5 head

patella

6 head

calf middle

7 head

sole

8 head

dactylion

middle of thigh

the heath-carter method

a way to describe someone’s body type using measurements. it breaks the body into three parts called somatotypes.

endomorph: how much body fat you have

mesomorph: how much muscle you have

ectomorph: how thin and long your body is

v

vertex

gnathion

gn

eu

euryon

ft

frontotemporale

g

glabella

zy

zygion

go

gonion

n

nasion

sn

subnasale

al

alare

st

stomion

tr

trichion

t

tragion

biggest head length

g-op

biggest head width

eu-eu

smallest forehead width

ft-ft

biggest width of the zygomatic arch/face width

zy-zy

width of mandible

go-go

nose width

al-al

height of the head from the tragion

t-v

face height

tr-gn

morphological face height

n-gn

nose height

n-sn

australopithecus afarensis

lived around 3.9-2.9 mil years ago. discovered in east africa, small brain size, small canines, long arms, 1.1-1.5m height, bipedal locomotion, mostly plant based diet

homo habilis

2.4-1.6 mil years ago, east africa, tanzanya and kenya, first species of homo genus, simple tools, slightly larger head

homo rudolfensis

2.4-1.9 mil years ago, east africa, kenya, larger brain than h habilis, flatter face

homo erectus

1.8-0.8 mil years ago, africa europe and asia, tall body proportions, fully upright posture, strong brow ridges, use of fire, first hominin to leave africa

homo neanderthalensis

250 000-40 000 years ago, europe and western asia, very large brain, short limbs, strong brow ridges, cold-climate adaptations

homo sapiens

200 000-present, worldwide, high rounded skull, reduced brow ridges, complex language, advanced tools and speaking