bio

What is a cell?

A cell is defined as the smallest, basic unit of life that is responsible for all of life's processes.

What are the seven life processes?

movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion, and nutrition.

What are the two types of cells based on cellular structure?

The two types of cells are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

What is the defining characteristic feature that distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

The defining characteristic feature that distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the nucleus the the eukaryotic cells has

What are the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells are always unicellular, have a cell wall, have a circular DNA arrangement, lack mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes, and have smaller ribosomes. In contrast, eukaryotic cells can be uni and multicellular, have a true nucleus, have linear DNA arrangement, contain mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes, and have larger ribosomes.

What are the differences between plant and animal cells?

Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and larger vacuoles, while animal cells lack these structures.

What is the function of the nucleus?

stores DNA, controls most of the cell's processes, contains the information needed to make proteins

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

transports materials through the cell

What is the function of lysosomes?

digestion

What is diffusion?

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

What is osmosis?

diffusion of water

What is active transport?

requires energy

How does diffusion apply to the exchange of particles in and out of cells?

Diffusion is responsible for the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) across the cell membrane in respiration, and for the movement of other molecules such as glucose and amino acids into and out of cells.

How does osmosis apply to the movement of solvents in and out of cells?

Osmosis is responsible for the movement of water into and out of cells, which is crucial for maintaining cell shape and function.

Photosynthesis

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

Photosynthesis Function

To convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose, which is used as a source of food and energy by the plant.

Cellular respiration

The process by which cells break down glucose and other organic molecules to release energy in the form of ATP.

Cellular respiration function

To produce ATP, which is used as a source of energy by the cell.

Enzyme

A protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions in the body.

Enzyme function

To catalyze chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur.

Substrate

The specific molecule that an enzyme acts on.

Substrate function

To bind to the active site of an enzyme and be converted into a product.

Active site

The region on an enzyme where the substrate binds and the chemical reaction occurs

Active site function

To provide a specific site for the substrate to bind and be converted into a product.

Catalyst

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.

Catalyst function

Increases the rate of a chemical reaction but lowering the activation energy

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

metabolism function

To maintain the homeostasis of the organism by regulating the production and use of energy and other molecules.

Homeostasis

relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain

Feedback loop

A mechanism by which a change in one part of a system leads to a response that either amplifies or dampens the original change.

feedback loop function

To regulate the internal environment of an organism by responding to changes and maintaining homeostasis.

Endocytosis

When a cell is taking something from outside in

Exocytosis

When a cell is putting something from inside out

Isotonic

balanced concentration → solution and cell have equal concentrations → doesnt change shape

Hypotonic

low concentration of the particles → solution has lower contraction than cells → causes osmosis → swells

Hypertonic

high concentration of the particles → solution has higher concentration than cells. → shrinks → causes osmosis

Hydrophilic

water loving

Hydrophobic

water hating

Facilitated diffusion

type of diffusion that happens throughout protein chanels

What is the mitochondria and what is its function?

The mitochondria is an organelle known as the "powerhouse of the cell." It produces ATP, the cell's energy currency, and breaks down sugar to make energy for the cell.

What is a ribosome and what is its function?

A ribosome is an intracellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell. Its function is to synthesize proteins.

What is a cell wall and what is its function?

A rigid layer that strengthens the cell and supports its shape

What is a cell membrane and what is its function?

Layer around the cell which controls substances moving in or out of the cell.

What is the Golgi body and what is its function?

The Golgi body is an organelle called the cell's post office, as it is involved in the transportation of materials within the cell. Its function is to transport materials in the cell

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and what is its function?

he rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of flattened sacs and interconnected tubules that are studded with ribosomes on their outer surface. Its function is to synthesize proteins and transport them to other parts of the cell.

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and what is its function?

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of tubular membranes that lacks ribosomes on its surface. Its function is to synthesize and transport lipids and other molecules, and to detoxify harmful substances in the cell.

What is the central vacuole and what is its function?

The central vacuole is a large, membrane-bound organelle found in plant cells. Its function is to store water, nutrients, and waste products and to maintain turgor pressure in the cell.

What is a vacuole and what is its function?

A vacuole is a membrane-bound organelle found in the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells. Its function is to store water, nutrients, and waste products, and to help maintain cellular homeostasis.

What is DNA and what is its function?

deoxyribonucleic acid; *used to store* genetic information for an organism to grow and develop