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What is perfusion?
The delivery of oxygenated blood by the pumping action of the heart through the arterial system to the capillary bed.
What are the two main blood vessel types involved in perfusion?
Arteries (carry blood away from the heart) and veins (carry blood towards the heart).
What is systole?
The phase of the cardiac cycle where the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood.
What is diastole?
The phase of the cardiac cycle where the heart muscle relaxes and fills with blood.
What is meant by adequate arterial pressure in the context of perfusion?
It refers to the sufficient pressure needed to push blood through the arterial system.
What is the significance of open coronary arteries?
They are essential for delivering blood to the heart muscle itself.
List the top three essentials for effective perfusion.
Oxygenation 2. Blood volume 3. Normal electrical activity of the heart.
What role do baroreceptors play in the cardiovascular system?
They help regulate heart rate by sensing changes in blood pressure.
What is the largest artery in the body?
The aorta.
What is the function of veins?
To transport deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
Why do veins have valves?
To prevent backflow and pooling of blood.
What is stroke volume?
The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle per heartbeat.
What neurotransmitter increases heart rate?
Epinephrine.
What does BNP stand for?
Brain B-Type Natriuretic Peptide.
What does the presence of distended jugular veins indicate?
They may indicate heart issues, as they are not working properly.
What is homocysteine?
An amino acid related to the risk of atherosclerosis.
What is the role of acetylcholine in heart function?
It decreases heart rate.
What blood component is produced in response to systemic inflammation?
C-reactive protein (CRP).
What does LDL stand for?
Low-Density Lipoprotein.
What does HDL stand for?
High-Density Lipoprotein.
What are chemoreceptors responsible for?
They help regulate heart rate or stroke volume based on the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
What are the two largest veins in the body?
The inferior and superior vena cava.
What is cardiac output?
The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute.
What regulates heart rate besides hormones?
The autonomic nervous system.
What is the function of pulmonary veins?
To deliver oxygenated blood to the left atrium.
What is the connection between blood volume and perfusion?
Adequate blood volume is essential for maintaining effective perfusion.
What happens during the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle?
The heart muscle contracts to pump blood out of the chambers.
How does blood move through veins?
By contraction of surrounding smooth muscle and one-way valves preventing backflow.
What factors can increase stroke volume?
Factors such as increased venous return and improved contractility.
What diagnostic test measures BNP levels?
Blood tests that help assess heart failure.
What is the relationship between inflammation and CRP levels?
CRP levels rise in response to systemic inflammation.
What is the primary function of the heart's valves?
To ensure unidirectional flow of blood through the heart chambers.
Where does the aorta deliver blood?
Systemically to the body after receiving it from the left ventricle.
What is the primary purpose of arteries?
To carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body.
What does a high level of homocysteine indicate?
An increased risk for cardiovascular diseases.
What is the role of the autonomic nervous system in cardiovascular regulation?
It regulates involuntary functions including heart rate.
What does a normal heart's electrical activity ensure?
It ensures synchronized contractions for effective pumping.
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