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Heliocentric Theory

argues that the sun is the central body of the solar system and perhaps of the universe. This angered the church because it went against their teachings that the earth was the center of the solar system since god made it. People started to question the church and their teachings since the heliocentric theory had proof backing it up while the church could only defend itself with the bible. 

Isaac Newton

**reviewed research on mathematics, motion, and space, and using that knowledge he created four theories  (LAWS OF GRAVITY)→ used in modern-day science. He wrote books and invented the type of math called calculus, which benefited a lot of scientists and their work.** 

Andreas Vesalius & William Harvey

Harvey pronounced that the heart was pumped, based on dissections ¨a piece of machinery¨ that proceeds with natural law. Andrea was a physician, the Italian doctor Andreas Vesalius (1514 – 1564) published a work on anatomy based on cadavers.

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Scientific Method

Enlightenment thinkers placed particular emphasis on empirical knowledge and what they described as scientific method: that is, knowledge verifiable by reference to experiment experience or first-hand observation. Empiricism was applied to every aspect of human thought and activity.

Montesquieu

believed that there were steps of power, the executive - monarch, the legislative - parliament, judicial - courts, and all those things would create checks and balances in the government. That approach entails a type of government whose powers are not excessively centralized. 

Mary Wollstonecraft

*  was an English writer who advocated for social equality and women’s rights during the Enlightenment. She argued against men whose views were that women had no potential to grow into educated people and that women should stick to the home-wife life.

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Diderot & the Encyclopedia

was the major achievement of the French Enlightenment whose aim, in Diderot's words, was to "change the common way of thinking" through the expansion of knowledge and the development of critical modes of thought. was a collaborative project, the work of a "society of men of letters," as its title page declared.

Adam Smith & Laissez-Faire

e “father” of capitalism because he explained that concept to Europe through his books. He believed that the government would stay out of the trade, money flow would be better, and that the natural laws are being interfered with by them. “Laissez-Faire” means hands-off, and the government stays out of business. capitalism: the free market economy will cause supply and demand, which means the quality and price will become better. When demand is up, prices will go up, and if the natural laws happen. more profit helps companies expand, then invest → for example the joint stock companies

Rousseau

The government protects us and makes laws to create order in society in return for the citizens giving up some of their natural rights. The government having more power over people is a social contract, it is an unsaid agreement. When the citizens felt that their natural rights were being extremely limited by the monarch and that he was abusing his power → they decided to create a constitution. The constitution limits the government and protects the rights of people from him. This slowly started to make the citizens decide what they wanted as a democracy rather than an absolute monarch.

Cavaliers

People who remained loyal to the king during the English civil war

Galileo

* Italy 
* Discovered moons of Jupiter, sunspots, and mountains on the earth’s moon
* formulated the laws of falling bodies 
* The Catholic Church tried him for heresy and he recanted his research
* “The Bible shows the way to go to heaven, not the way the heavens go”

Copernicus

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* Poland
* Came up with the heliocentric theory 
* He published his findings in the last year of his life to avoid being accused of heresy by the church. 
* “For I am not so enamored of my own opinions that I disregard what others may think of them”
* Copernicus’ publications are often cited as the beginning of the scientific revolution

Brahe

* made accurate observations of the stars and planets 
* First to record a comet 
* Charted 750 stars and heavenly bodies 
* Insisted on careful observation, and very detailed and accurate records. 
* Created the most rudimentary telescope

Kepler

* dedicated his time to studying the orbits of the planets 
* Built upon the Copernican theory 
* Observed mars closely and discovered it moved in an elliptical 
* discovered that the closer to the sun a planet was, the faster it moved
* helped newton with his laws of motion 
* Discovered that the human eye sees images in reverse like a camera lens 
* created glasses for near and far-sighted people 
* wrote a book on his optic research 
* created an updated version of the telescope called the keplerian telescope

Descartes

* France
* Stated that reason was the source of knowledge 
* Proposed that mind and matter are different 
* “I think therefore I am”
* Knowledge should be doubted until proven true instead of being accepted on faith 
* Said that clear thinking and logic could offer proof of the truth
* wrote a book in french instead of Latin so that the common person could read it

Francis Bacon

* England 
* Formulated the scientific method 
* believed that science should improve people's lives
* proposed that science is inductive and is part of the feature 
* “knowledge is power”

What is the importance of the separation of powers in government?

The importance of separation of powers in government is so that there are checks and balances and one person does not abuse their power over the people.

Why is education so important in a democratic society?

Education is so important in a democratic society because it educates the people to think for themselves, rather than rely on one ruler to make all the decisions for them. If they were not educated, it is much harder for them to use reason and rationally to form thoughts of their own. 

How do Adam Smith’s views on business help shape capitalism?

Adam Smith took on the mercantilist theory that global wealth was static and states could only increase wealth by taking it from others when he rejected ideas about stockpiling, gold, refusing entry of goods into one's country, and also remaining a subsistence agricultural economy with serfs. He advocated for manufacturing, the division of labor, and free trade. In a gree or laissez-faire market, an individual would work and interact with others in the economy on the basis of their self-interest.

How does the social contract help create democratic governments?

In exchange, the government protects natural rights like life, liberty, property, and the pursuit of happiness and other rights such as punishments and prison. This notion is a social contract where people give up rights to the government in exchange for the government doing things for the people. When people feel like they should have a say in what rights are taken away from them, they want a representative to advocate for them/their needs. 

How do new ways of thinking affect the way people respond to their surroundings?

News ways of thinking affect the way people respond to their surroundings because it influences and impacts how they view new information. It changes their old mindset into a new one, and when applied to the Enlightenment it causes them to open their eyes to think more logically.

How did the telescope & microscope change the way people saw the world?

The telescope & microscope changed the way people saw the world because they pushed them from seeing the world so spiritually and more scientifically. The new inventions contributed to that because they now have more astrology and biology knowledge. Astrology and biology were heavily taught by the Church, and these new inventions made people start to question the church's teachings. 

What role did new technology play in the Scientific Revolution?

During the Scientific Revolution, many instruments were invented such as the microscope barometer, and thermometer. These new inventions helped confirm that experiments could prove theories. They now had evidence to back up the theories that they had, which went on to convince more people of their ideas.