Chemical Nomenclature

What is a covalent bond?

Bond between nonmetals where the electrons are shared

How do you name a covalent bond?

1. First element keeps its full name + numerical prefix

2. Base of the second name + numerical prefix

Example:

Dinitrogen monoxide

(full name + prefix) + (base: oxide + numerical prefix)

What is an ionic bond?

Metal & nonmetal bond where the electrons are not shared but given up

What are the 3 types of ionic bonds?

Bonds between two monoatomic ions, polyatomic bonds, and bonds with transition metals + nonmetals

How do you name ionic monoatomic bonds?

1. Full name of first atom (NO NUMERICAL PREFIX)

2. Base of the second name + ide (NO NUMERICAL PREFIX)

3. Make sure the final charge of the atom balances to 0

Ex:

Sodium flouride (NaF), Aluminum Nitride (Li₃N)

How do you name ionic polyatomic bonds?

1. Full name of first atom no numerical prefix

2. Base name of second atom (NO NUMERICAL PREFIX) + ate or ite

*If the first atom has given up all it’s valence electrons to try and balance the atom, use ate. Otherwise use ite

EX:

PO₄^-3  There are four oxygen atoms giving it a charge of -8 (each oxygen has gained 2 electrons to get 8). Phosphorus has given it’s 5 electrons to balance the charge to -3. Because it’s given away all it’s electrons, we use ate.

PO₃^-3 Same thing, but phosphorus has not given up all it’s electrons otherwise the charge would be -1, so we use ite.

How do you name polyatomic ions that contain halogens?

Charges of +7 use the prefix per_____ate

Charges of +5 use ____ate

Charges of +3 use ____ite

Charges of +1 use hypo____ite

How do you name ionic bonds with transition metals?

When pairing with transition metals (anything in the d block) you name it like a regular polyatomic ion, but you add roman numerals to indicate the charge of the individual atom.

EX:

Fe₂O₃ —> Iron (III) Oxide (Oxygen always has a negative charge of -2, so total it’s -6. The two irons have both given up three electrons, so they both have a charge of +3. 

What four atoms are exceptions to the transition + nonmetal naming convention?

Silver, zinc, cadmium, and mercury.

Silver doesn’t use roman numerals and is always +1

Zinc & Cadmium also don’t use roman numerals and are usually +2

Mercury (I) doesn’t exist by itself.

What are hydrated compounds?

Compounds that crystallize in water.

What do you called hydrated compounds in their dry state?

Anahydrous

How do you name hydrated compounds?

You name the first element, then add a dot and add the number of water molecules + hydrate

EX:

Ba(OH)₂ × 8H₂O = Barium hydroxide octahydrate (8 water molecules)

Cadmium

Cd²⁺

Mercury (I)

Hg₂²⁺

Mercury (II)

Hg²⁺

Silver

Ag⁺

Zinc

Zn²⁺

Acetate

CH₃COO^-

Ammonium

NH₄⁺

Bromate

BrO₃^-

Bromite

BrO₂^-

Carbonate

CO₃^2-

Hydrogen carbonate

HCO₃^-

Chlorate

CIO₃^-

Chlorite

CIO₂^-

Chromate

CrO₄^2-

Cyanide

CN^-

Dichromate

Cr₂O₇^2-

Hydroxide

OH^-

Hypobromite

BrO^-

Hypochlorite

ClO^-

Hypoiodite

IO^-

Iodate

IO₃^-

Iodite

IO₂^-

Nitrate

NO₃^-

Nitrite

NO₂^-

Perbromate

BrO₄^-

Perchlorate

ClO₄^-

Periodate

IO₄^-

Permanganate

MnO₄^-

Peroxide

O₂^2-

Phosphate

PO₄^3-

Monohydrogen phosphate

HPO₄^2-

Dihydrogen phosphate

H₂PO₄^-

Phosphite

PO₃^3-

Sulfate

SO₄^2-

Hydrogen sulfate

HSO₄^-

Hydrogen sulfide

HS^-

Sulfite

SO₃^2-

Hydrogen sulfite

HSO₃^-