Urinary System Mcgraw Hill

The lamina propria is composed of a fairly thick layer of ___________ ___________ connective tissue.

Dense irregular

When empty, the urinary bladder exhibits an ___________ shape.

upside-sown pyramid shape

The outer layer of the urinary bladder is called the ___ and is composed of areolar connective tissue

adventita

The axons of the ___________nervous system inhibit micturition.

sympathetic

The___________originates at the neck of the urinary bladder and conducts urine to the exterior of the body.

urethra

The female urethra has___________function(s) and is about___________centimeters long.

1,4

At the neck of the urinary bladder is the ___________urethral sphincter.

internal

The___________axons cause contraction of the internal urethral sphincter and inhibit contraction of the detrusor muscle.

sympathetic

Which are parts of the urinary tract?

Ureters, Urinary bladder, and Urethra

Which structure extends through muscle of the pelvic floor and opens into the perineum?

Urethra

The expulsion of urine from the bladder is called urination or ________.

micturition

Urin is produced continuously but is stored in the ________ ________for release when convenient.

urinary bladder

The kidneys are located in the ________ abdominal wall.

Posterior

A structure called the ________ transports urine from the urinary bladder and expels it outside the body.

urethra

The ________ ________ is an expendable, muscular sac that can store as much as 1 liter of urine.

urinary bladder

The main ion that the PCT reabsorbs is ________.

Na+

The solutes and water that are reabsorbed from the PCT enter the blood through the ________ ________ and are returned to the general circulation.

peritubular capillaries

Each nephron loop has two limbs, which are a(n) ________ limb that extends from the cortex to medulla and a(n) ________ limb that returns back into the renal cortex.

descending limb, ascending limb

When water and solutes are reabsorbed from the nephron loop, they are reabsorbed to the blood via a capillary network called the ________ ________.

vasa recta

The thin segment of the descending limb of the nephron loop is lined with ________ squamous epithelium.

simple

____________ ions and _____________ ions are the primary ions that are reabsorbed from the tubular fluid of the nephron loop.

Sodium, Chloride

The ascending limb of the nephron loop returns to the renal cortex and terminates at the ________ ________.

distal convoluted

The distal convoluted tubule cytoplasm stains more ________ than the proximal convoluted tubule because it has ________ mitochondria.

lightly, fewer

The distal convoluted tubule originates in the renal cortex at the end of the ________.

thick ascending limb of the nephron loop.

The primary function of the distal convoluted tubule is to secrete ions such as________ and ________ into the tubular fluid.

Potassium and Hydrogen

_____ and _____ are secreted in response to low blood volume or low solute concentration in the tubular fluid within the kidney.

ADH, Aldesterone

When the tubular fluid leaves the distal convoluted tubules, it must travel through a series of small ________ that empty into ________.

collecting tubules, collecting ducts

Both collecting tubules and collecting ducts are lined by ________.

simple epithelium

The collecting ducts can modify the tubular fluid under the influence of which of the following?

-ADH

-Aldesterone

Secretion of ADH and aldesterone results in increased ________ and ________ reabsorption from the tubular fluid in the collecting ducts.

water, sodium

The ascending limb of the nephron loop first is lined with simple _________ epithelium in the thin part and then the next part, the thick part, is lined with simple_________ epithelium.

squamous, cuboidal

Secretion of ADH and aldesterone results in increased _________ and _________ reabsorption from the tubular fluid in the collecting ducts.

water, sodium

If we are dehydrated, water conservation must occur and _________ may act on collecting duct to reabsorb water from the tubular fluid.

ADH

Once tubular fluid leaves the ____, it is called urine.

collecting duct

One component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus is which of the following?

juxtaglomerular cell

juxtaglomerular cells are modified _________ muscle cells.

smooth

The _________ _________ is a group of modified epithelial cells in the distal convoluted tubule that touch the juxtaglomerular cells.

macula densa

The macula densa cells continuously monitor _________ in the tubular fluid.

ion concentration

Renin activates the renin-angiotensin pathway resulting in _________ production.

aldesterone

If blood volume or solute concentration is reduced, the _________ _________ detects this change.

macula densa

If the blood volume is low, the macula densa cells detect this change and stimulate the juxtaglomerular cells to release _________.

renin

The _________ are tubes that are about 25 centimeters (10 inches) long and are retroperitoneal.

ureters

The ureters originate at the renal pelvis and extend to the _________ _________.

Urinary bladder

The mucosa of the ureter is formed from _________ epithelium.

transitional

The arrangement of muscle layers in the ureter is the _________ in the GI tract but both work the same in producing peristaltic waves.

opposite

renal failure that often affects the glomerulus and the other small blood vessels is _________.

Irreversible, as there is no way they can regenerate

_________ and kidney transplant are the two main treatments for kidney failure.

dialysis

The adventia of the ureter is formed from _________ connective tissue

areolar

The ureters projects through the urinary bladder wall _________.

Obliquely

The pain from the ureter, as might be felt from the kidney stone, is referred to the _________.

T11-L2 dermatomes

In females, the urinary bladder is anterioinferior to the _________ and directly anterior to the _________.

uterus, vagina

Ureters enter the posterolateral wall of the urinary bladder through the _________ openings.

ureteral

The _________ of the bladder is formed by imaginary lines connecting the two ureteral openings and the urethral opening.

trigone

Which of the following form the wall of the urinary bladder?

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and adventitia

The _________ lines the urinary bladder lumen.

mucosa

True or False: The three layers of smooth muscle of the urinary bladder have such complex orientation that is it difficult to discern individual layers under the microscope.

True

Within the trigone region of the urinary bladder, the muscosa is smooth, thick and _________ rugae.

lacks

The submucosa of the urinary bladder is formed by _________ connective tissue.

dense irregular

The expulsion of urine from the urinary bladder is called _________ or urination.

micturition

The _________ axons stimulate micturition

Parasympathetic

The internal urethral sphincter is a circular thickening of the _________ and is controlled by the _________.

detrusor muscle, ANS

The external urethral sphincter is _________ to the internal urethral sphincter.

inferior

The male urethra has two functions. which are they?

-Passage for sperms

-Passage for urine

The _________ urethra is the shortest segment of the male urethra.

Membranous

The prostatic urethra extends through the _________ gland.

prostate

The corpus spongiosum surrounds the _________ urethra in the male penis.

spongy

The wall of the ureter is composed of a series of tunics. Which of the following are these tunics?

mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia

The middle muscularis of the ureter consists of an inner _________ layer and an outer _________ layer.

longitudinal, circular

True or false: The trigone moves as the urinary bladder fills and functions as a funnel to direct the stored urine into the urethra

False

The wide base of the renal pyramid lies next to the_________.

cortex

Each renal papilla projects into a funnel-shaped space called the _________.

minor calyx

Urine from the renal pyramids is collected by the_________ and then drained into the _________.

minor calyces, major calyces