Study Session

VYGOTSKY

Cognitive skills can only be understood when they are developmentally analyzed and interpreted
Shown through language
Skills have their own origins and social relations

THREE DEVELOPMENTAL THEMES

nature vs nurture
continuity vs discontinuity
early vs late experience

Trust VS Mistrust:

infancy to one year- Erickson

Autonomy VS Shame & Doubt:

1-3 years- Erickson

Initiative VS Guilt

3-5 years- Erickson

Industry VS Inferiority:

6 years to puberty- Erickson

Identity VS Identity Confusion

10-20 years- Erickson

Intimacy VS Isolation:

20’s & 30’s- Erickson

Generavity VS Stagnation:

40’s & 50’s- Erickson

Integrity VS Despair:

60+ years- Erickson

PHILOPSOPERS ON ADOLESCENTS

Supermarche and Menerache: first nocturnal ejaculation of sperm, and first period

VYGOTSKY VS PIAGET

Vygotsky focused more on cognitive skills that come from experiential learning, verus Piaget who believed children went through specific stages
Piaget stages go to 11 years old, Vygotsky goes to 60+

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT

Strength of relationship between two or more event characteristics measured on a +1.00 to a -1.00. 0=No correlation.

PUBERTY TIME FRAME

Early men, seen as socially competent and dependable
Late for men, self esteem effects and socially behind. Long term positive effects
Early for girls, more likely to use drugs, smoke, and have sex earlier. Long term negative effects
Late for girls, slows developmental curve, things happen later

IQ TESTS

Binet: later became stanford-binet. Intelligence quotient,, (tested mental age/chronological age) X 100, semi popular
Wechsler: includes verbal and nonverbal subtests. Shows IQ in those domains plus a full scale IQ and several index score
WAIS (adult) 16+ unpopular
WISC (Child) >6 years, popular
WPPSI (primary) <6 unpopular

BINET IQ

Intelligence quotient,, (tested mental age/chronological age) X 100, semi popular

Wechsler:

includes verbal and nonverbal subtests. Shows IQ in those domains plus a full scale IQ and several index score
WAIS (adult) 16+ unpopular
WISC (Child) >6 years, popular
WPPSI (primary) <6 unpopular

Sensory Motor Time

birth - 2 years

Sensory Motor

Connects sensory experiences with physical actions. Starts as instincual action and becomes symbolic actions

Preopperational age

2 - 7 years

Preopperational

Increased symbolic thinking, move beyond connecting the sensory information and physical action

Concrete Opperational ages

7 - 11 years

Concrete Opperational

Can reason logically about concrete events and classify objects into different sets

Formal Opperational ages

11 - Adulthood

Formal Opperational

Reasons in more abstract and idealistic or logical ways

INFORMATION PROCESSING VIEW

Reasoning
Critical thinking
Creative thinking
Meta-Cognition and Self Regulatory learning
Diverget Thinking VS Converget

META COGNITION

involves monitoring and reflecting on one's current or recent thoughts. Knowing about knowing.

SELF REGULATORY

Self monitoring of thoughts, feelings, and bahaviors to reach a goal

Divergent thinking

creative thinking where there are more than one correct answer

convergent thinking

when there is one correct answer

SCHEMA

A concept or framework that exists in the individuals mind to organize & interpret information

Assimilation

The incorporation of new information into existing knowledge

Accomidation

An adjustment to new information causing a schema to change

Equalliberation

Experience of cognitive conflict and the resolution for balance

EQ- Emotional Intelligence

The ability to understand, use, and manage emotions in a positive way to relieve stress, communicate effectively, empathize with others, overcome challenges and defuse conflict.
Involves
Self-awareness.
Self-regulation.
Motivation.
Empathy.
Social skills.

VIKTOR WILD CHILD OF AVEYRON

Feral child of 1800 in france

GROWTH SPURT IN ADOLESCENTS

3.5 inches per year for girls around 11.5 years old
4 inches per year for boys around 13.5 years old

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Identify the problem
Hypothesis
Collect data
Analyze data
Draw conclusions

Egocentrism

heightened self consiousness/ inability to understand other perspectives

Imaginary audience

feeling as if all eyes are on the adolescent

Personal fable

egocentrism relating to one’s sense of uniqueness

ADOLECENTS SLEEP NEEDS AND DEPRIVATION

Need between 9 and 12 hours
Deprivation leads to chronic deprivation which stunts growth and mental cognition

ID

pleasure comes first

ego

helps Id achieve gratification

Super-Ego

stives for perfection, and the rights or wrongs of the world

oral stage

birth to 18 months
Pleasure centers in the mouth

Anal stage

18 months to 3 years
Pleasure centers in the anus

Phallic

3 to 6 years
Pleasure centers in genitals

latency stage

6 years to puberty
Repression of sexual intrest and develop social or intellectual skills

Genital stage

puberty onward
Sexual re-awakening outside of the family

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Independent variable, dependent variable, confounding variables

RANDOM ASSIGNMENT

Experimentor has no influence on who falls into what groups for the testing

Null Hypothesis

When your hypothesis doesn't match the results

Level of Constraint

A restriction imposed by the study sponsor that limits the study team's options in conducting the study.

Opperational Definitions

When you define your terminology

CROSS SECTIONAL

Group at one point in time

LONGITUDIAL

Group over a period of time

Genotype

Genetic blueprints

Phenotype

possible responses to genotypes

Canalization

narrow range of genetics

Reaction range

possibilities from low to high

PRIMARY RESOURCES

Original source of information