Mayas
Between years 300 and 800 built remarkable cities in the rain forests of the Yucatán Peninsula (present day Guatemala, Belize, and southern Mexico relied heavily on maize. .
Aztecs
(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshiped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor. Big on maize.
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Mayas
Between years 300 and 800 built remarkable cities in the rain forests of the Yucatán Peninsula (present day Guatemala, Belize, and southern Mexico relied heavily on maize. .
Aztecs
(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshiped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor. Big on maize.
Incas
Highly advanced South American civilization that occupied present-day Peru until it was conquered by Spanish forces under Francisco Pizarro in 1532. They developed sophisticated agricultural techniques, such as terrace farming, in order to sustain large, complex societies in the unforgiving Andes Mountains, big on potatoes.
Conquistadores
Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory. Sent by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
Hernán Cortés
Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain, that secured Spanish supremacy in the Americas.
Francisco Pizarro
Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541), who secured Spanish supremacy in the Americas
Ferdinand and Isabella
The king and queen of Spain who gave Columbus the funds that he needed to find a route to Asia.
Christoper Columbus
Italian explorer, sailing for Spain, who reached the Americas in 1492 while searching for a western sea route from Europe to Asia but ended up finding the Americas
John Cabot
Italian explorer who sailed under the English flag in 1497, known for his voyage to North America, believed to be the first European to reach the continent since the Vikings.
The 3 G’s
The motivations of European explorers and settlers in the Americas, emphasizing the pursuit of wealth (Gold), religious expansion typically Christianity (God), and personal fame (Glory).
Things provided to the New World from Old
horses, pigs, rice, wheat, grapes and other livestock.
Things provided to the Old World from New
corn, potatoes, chocolate, tomatoes, avocado, sweet potatoes and rubber, among others.
Challenges with Enslaving Native Americans
included resistance, disease susceptibility, and cultural incompatibility like some tribes believing farming was women’s work, which made it difficult for European settlers to maintain control over the indigenous populations.
Reasons why Enslaved Africans were turned to
Not Knowing the land so they couldn’t easily escape
Didn’t know the language
Dark skin made them easier to identify as “property”
English colonists associated dark skin with inferiority and rationalized Africans’ enslavement
and the demand for labor in plantations specifically tobacco, rice, and sugar cane in south, Caribbean, and South America
Pilgrims
Led by William Bradford
Signed the Mayflower Compact
Created a legal authority and assembly
Government's power derived from consent of governed, not God
Received assistance from local Native Americans
Separatists
Settled and named the colony Plymouth
Purtians
Led by John Winthrop
Believed in a "city upon a hill"
Sought to purify the Church of England (congregationalists)
Established the Massachusetts Bay Colony
Valued education and literacy, founding schools and Harvard College
Non-Separatists from the Church of England
Jacques Carter
French explorer who mapped the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and claimed Canada for France. His voyages in the early 16th century laid the groundwork for French colonization in North America.
Samuel de Champlain
French explorer known as the "Father of New France," he founded Quebec and played a key role in establishing French presence in Canada.
Henry Hudson
English explorer known for searching for the Northwest Passage. He explored parts of present-day Canada and the northeastern United States (NY), notably the Hudson River.
Bartolome de las Casas
Spanish missionary and historian who advocated for the rights of Indigenous peoples of America and opposed their enslavement in the famous debate
Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda
Spanish philosopher and historian known for his defense of the colonization, enslavement, and the justifications for the treatment of Indigenous peoples in the famous debate
Valladolid Debate
A 1550 debate in Spain concerning the treatment and rights of Indigenous peoples, featuring Bartolomé de las Casas arguing against inhumane treatment of the NA’s and Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda arguing for. This debate led to significant discussions on morality and ethics in colonization while weakening the encomienda system.
Quakers
A religious group known for their belief in pacifism, equality, and simplicity. They believed that religious authority would be found in the person not in Bible or outside forces. They played a significant role in advocating for social justice, including the abolition of slavery.
Roger Williams
An English minster that founded Rhode Island, who advocated for religious freedom and the separation of church and state (separatist). He was expelled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony (Puritans) for his beliefs and founded a colony that promised religious liberty.
Anne Hutchinson
A prominent Puritan spiritual leader in colonial Massachusetts who challenged the male-dominated religious authorities. She advocated for individual interpretation of the Bible and questioned the role of ministers, leading to her trial and banishment. Believed in Antinomianism.
Jonathan Edwards
A prominent preacher during the First Great Awakening, known for his fire-and-brimstone sermons. He emphasized the necessity of personal conversion and a deep emotional connection to faith.
George Whitefield
An influential preacher during the First Great Awakening, known for his charismatic sermons and ability to draw large crowds. He emphasized the personal relationship with God and was a key figure in promoting evangelicalism across the American colonies.
Cotton Mather
Puritan minster known for his key role of supporting the Salem witch trials and promoting the idea of witch hunts in colonial Massachusetts.
John Winthrop
Puritan leader that founded Massachuetts and gave the famed “A City Upon the Hill” speech.
Andrew Hamilton
A prominent colonial American lawyer and advocate for free speech, best known for defending John Peter Zenger in a landmark case.
Zenger Case
Landmark trial in 1735 that established the principle of freedom of the press after John Peter Zenger was acquitted for publishing criticisms of the colonial governor. It was a significant victory for the idea that truth is a defense against libel.
John Rolfe
An early English settler known for cultivating tobacco as a cash crop in Virginia and for marrying Pocahontas.
Sir Walter Raleigh
An English explorer and writer who played a key role in establishing the Roanoke Colony, known as the "Lost Colony," in the late 16th century. He also popularized tobacco.
William Berkeley
Royal governor of VA that used his power to favor large farmers but lessen rights of smaller ones and led to growing tensions that contributed to Bacon's Rebellion in 1676. His policies highlighted the class struggles in colonial Virginia.
Treaty of Tordesillas
An agreement between Spain and Portugal, signed in 1494, to divide newly discovered lands outside Europe (America) along a meridian line, settling territorial disputes (had to ask pope to make it).
Proprietary Colony
A type of colony owned by an individuals granted charters of ownership by the Crown, allowing them to govern and manage the land. (MD and PA)
Royal Colony
A type of colony under direct rule of Crown like VA after Bacon”s Rebellion.
Corporate Colony
A type of colony established by a charter that is managed by a group of investors or a corporation, allowing them to govern the territory and pursue economic ventures, as seen in colonies like Jamestown. I
Iroquois Confederation
The Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk, and Tuscarora tribes formed a political alliance for mutual defense and cooperation.
Bacon’s Rebellion
Nathanial Bacon led a rebellion in 1676 against the Virginia Governor William Berkeley. It was fueled by grievances over land disputes and the government’s failure to protect settlers from Native American attacks, ultimately highlighting tensions between colonists and the colonial administration.
King Phillips War
A conflict between New England colonists and Native American groups led by Metacom (King Philip) from 1675 to 1676, resulting from increasing colonization and land encroachments, leading to significant casualties and territorial changes.
Columbian Exchange
The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and diseases between the Americas and the Old World following Christopher Columbus's voyages in the late 15th century.
Act of Toleration (1649)
First law that granted religious freedom to all Christians, allowing different denominations to coexist and aiming to reduce sectarian conflict. I
Jamestown
The first permanent English settlement in North America, founded in 1607 in Virginia. It became a pivotal early colony that struggled with factors like disease, starvation, and conflict with Native Americans.
House of Burgesses
The first legislative assembly in colonial America, established in 1619 in Virginia, allowing settlers to participate in governance.
Pequot War
A conflict between the Pequot tribe and English settlers in 1636-1637, leading to the near destruction of the Pequot nation and significant changes in colonial-Native American relations. It was caused by territorial disputes and trade competition in the region.
Navigation Acts
A series of laws passed by the British Parliament in the 17th century aimed at regulating colonial trade and enabling England to collect taxes from the colonies. These acts required that certain goods produced in the colonies be shipped only to England or English possessions.
Salem Witch Trials
A series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts between 1692 and 1693, reflecting the widespread paranoia and social tensions of the time.
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
The first written constitution in America, adopted in 1638-1639, which established a framework for government in the Connecticut Colony, allowing for a representative government and voting rights for property owners.
Mayflower Compact
An agreement made in 1620 by the Pilgrims on the Mayflower, establishing self-governance for their new colony, based on majority rule and social contract principles.
“The Holy Experiment”
A term used to describe William Penn's attempt to create a Quaker utopia in Pennsylvania, emphasizing religious freedom, peaceful coexistence, and fair treatment of Native Americans.
Pueblo Revolt
A successful uprising in 1680 by the Pueblo people against Spanish colonial rule in present-day New Mexico, aimed at restoring their traditional culture and practices. This was the first major successful rebellion against European colonization in North America.
“Glorious Revolution”
A 1688 event in England that resulted in the overthrow of King James II and the establishment of constitutional monarchy, significantly influencing political ideas in the American colonies.
Stono Rebellion
A 1739 slave uprising in South Carolina where enslaved Africans rebelled against their masters, leading to increased Virginia slave restrictions and the tightening of slave codes. Largest slave rebellion in colonies
Encomienda System
A Spanish labor system that granted colonists the right to demand tribute and forced labor from Indigenous people in the Americas for land that given by King, often leading to severe exploitation and decline of Indigenous populations. This eventually included Africans and resulted in significant demographic changes in the colonies.
Asiento System
A Spanish system that granted the right to sell enslaved Africans in the Americas, establishing a legal framework for the transatlantic slave trade, which significantly impacted demographic and economic structures in the colonies, and required a tax to be payed per enslaved persons.
Slave Trade
Started by Spanish and Portuguese, it involved the transportation of enslaved Africans to the Americas, significantly contributing to colonial economies and demographics.
Great Awakening
A series of religious revivals in the American colonies during the 18th century that emphasized personal faith, emotive worship, and a direct relationship with God, leading to increased religious diversity and the questioning of traditional authority.
The Enlightenment
A philosophical movement inspired by John Locke, which emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism of authority, significantly influencing political thought and the development of modern democracies.
Headright System
A land grant system used in colonial Virginia and Maryland that incentivized settlement by giving land to settlers, particularly those who brought indentured servants, thereby promoting agricultural development.
Half-way Covenant
A religious policy adopted by New England Congregationalists in the 17th century that allowed partial church membership for the descendants of existing members, addressing declining church participation.
“The Starving Time”
A period of starvation during the winter of 1609-1610 in the Jamestown colony, where many settlers died due to lack of food and resources.
Joint-stock company
A business owned by multiple investors
Salutary neglect
A British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws in the American colonies, allowing them to operate with considerable autonomy.
Mercantilism
Economic theory that colony was ment to serve its mother country by providing raw materials and resources, while the mother country supplies manufactured goods.
Predestinatian
A Puritan belief that suggests that God has predetermined the salvation or damnation of individuals.
Antinomianism
The belief in a Christian doctrine that faith alone, rather than moral law or church authority, is necessary for salvation. It was notably associated with Anne Hutchinson and challenged Puritan orthodoxy.
Triangular trade
A system of trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas, involving the exchange of goods such as slaves, sugar, and rum.
Dates of Period 1
1491 to 1607
Dates of Period 2
1607 to 1754
Characteristics of Period 1
The Native American societies (by region)
European Colonizers’ (GB, France, Spain, Portugal, Dutch) motivations, initial arrivals, colonization, native relations in the Americas
The Columbian Exchange and New World economics
Trade, labor, slavery, and caste in (Spanish) colonial systems
Characteristics of Period 2
The development of various European colonies and their distinct characteristics
Transatlantic trade networks and evolving economic motivations
Labor systems, including slavery, and the social hierarchy among colonial populations