Don't worry if you got the questions wrong, the point is to compare your answer with the actual answer to see if you got all the concepts mentioned in the answer
State
The organization that maintains a monopoly of force over a given territory; a set of political institutions to generate and execute policy regarding freedom and equality.
Regime
The fundamental rules and norms of politics, embodying long-term goals regarding individual freedom and collective equality, where power should reside, and the use of that power.
Government
The leadership or elite in charge of running the state.
Nation
A group of people with a common political identity that desire self-government.
What is the UK basically? (regime type, head of gov and state, nations, source of power and authority, legitimacy and external, internal forces)
Regime: Constitutional Monarchy
Government of the UK: Rishi Sunak, conservative majority
Head of Gov- Rishi Sunak, Head of State: King Charles III
Gets power and authority from the legislature, popular support, the crown, parties, devolved power to multiple parliaments which allowed the regime to maintain stability (constitutional reforms)
Legitimacy: High, rational-legal
Substantive, consolidated democracy
Nations: Scotland, England, Wales, Northern Ireland, also serve as political cleavages
What is Mexico basically?(regime type, head of gov and state, nations, source of power and authority, legitimacy and external, internal forces)
Regime: Multiparty, presidential, federal illiberal democracy but moving towards a substantive democracy
Judiciary is very weak
Head of State and Gov- A.M. Lopez Obrador, MORENA party
Nations: Mestizo, Amerindian and more ( a mix of different cultural identities)
Transition of power from military rule and single-party dominance to multiparty republics
Legitimacy: High, rational-legal
External/Internal forces such as corruption, cartels, religious/regional/ethnic divisions, NAFTA, maquiladora zones
Power and authority comes from religion (mainly Catholicism), legislative parties, popular support
What is Nigeria basically? (regime type, head of gov and state, nations, source of power and authority, legitimacy and external, internal forces)
Regime: Presidential, federal illiberal democracy
Head of state and gov- Muhammadu Buhari, APC
Nations: 23+ including Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba, Igbo
Legitimacy: Low, traditional
Transition of power from military rule and single-party dominance to multiparty republics
External/Internal forces such as corruption, religious, Boko Haram, MEND, illegal oil production, foreign direct investment, rentier state
Power and authority comes from militaries and parties
What is Russia basically? (regime type, head of gov and state, nations, source of power and authority, legitimacy and external, internal forces)
Regime: Russian Federation, authoritarian
Head of state- Vladimir Putin
Nations: Ukrainians, Tartars, Cbechyans, unspecified others, Russians
Power and authority comes from Putin, legislature, popular support, (power) the political elite’s backing of a strong president in Russia, creating a managed “democracy” with election rules favoring one party
Legitimacy: High, charismatic
External/Internal forces are war on Ukraine, corruption, LGBTQ+ rights, soviet state issues
What is Iran basically? (regime type, head of gov and state, nations, source of power and authority, legitimacy, external, internal forces)
Regime: Theocratic regime based on Shiite Islam
Head of state- Ali Khamenei
Head of secular government: Ebrahim Raisi, conservative
Nations: Kurd, Azeri, Persians and others
Almost all citizens are Muslim but 90% practice Shiite Islam
Legitimacy: Low, charismatic
Power and authority comes from supreme leader, religion, military
Power was also affected in the transition from dictatorial rule in Iran to a theocracy based on Islamic Sharia law after the 1979 revolution
External/Internal forces such as women’s rights, corruption, green movement in 2009, closed off from global economy
What is China basically?
Regime: People’s Republic of China, socialist, authoritarian
Head of state- Xi Jingping
Nations: Han (majority), Tibetans, Uyghur and more
Power and authority comes from the CCP and military as the CCP’s control over China’s military provided power and authority to maintain regime stability
Legitimacy: Very high, charismatic
External/Internal forces such as attempted protest movements
Democratization
The transition from an authoritarian regime to a democratic regime
Can be stalled or reversed, policy changes regarding election rules and civil liberties can support or impede democratization
Corruption inhibits democratization but independent judiciaries can reduce corruption while protecting individual liberties and civil rights
Consensus among competing cultural and political groups about governmental policies associated with democratic and economic development can advance democratization and make it sustainable
Factors of Democratization
Fair, competitive and transparent elections, citizen participation in policy making, suffrage for adult citizens, transparency, protected civil liberties, equal citizen treatment and rule of law
Characteristics of Authoritarian Regimes
Elites exercising political power over state, little citizen input, no constitutional responsibility of leaders to the public and restrictions on civil liberties
Characteristics of Democratic Regimes
Civil liberties, rule of law, neutrality of the judiciary, open civil society, civilian control of the military, free fair and regular elections
Sources of Power
Religion, popular support, military forces, constitutions, political structures and legislatures
How a regime chooses to use its power in support of sovereignty is determined in large part by its democratic or authoritarian characteristics- democratic regimes can maintain sovereignty using less power than authoritarian regimes
Sources of authority
Constitutions, Military forces, political structures, legislatures
What is a regime change?
Changes in the way the state is organized, rules and institutions are replaced and it can be gradual or sudden
What is a change of government?
Change in people or parties that occupy the institutions of the state, usually changes more often, can be peaceful or violent
What are the types of regime change?
Coup d'etat, revolution, reform
What is a coup d'etat?
Forced takeover of governing power, typically led by political elites
What is a revolution?
Removal and long-term replacement of a form of government, usually involves the masses, can be violent or peaceful
What is a federal system?
A system of government in a state in which significant powers are given to sub-national or regional governments (state governments, etc.)
What is a unitary state?
A system of government in a state in which all political authority is in its central or national government
What is devolution?
Power is distributed to regional or sub-national governments or are created
What is political legitimacy?
Political legitimacy is the right to rule that is determined by their own citizens.
Can increase the power of a regime and government and confers authority
Factors that maintain legitimacy
Peaceful resolution of conflicts, peaceful transfer of power, reduced governmental corruption and economic development
Devolution and delegation, by promoting policy innovation, matching policies to local needs, improving policies through competition, increasing political participation, checking central power and allowing better representation of religious/ethnic/minority groups
Factors that reduce legitimacy
Corruption, reduced electoral competition, serious problems (poor economy, social conflicts, etc.)
Devolution and delegation of power to regional governments, reduces it by making contradictory policies, potentially making policy implementation more complicated and inefficient, allowing inequality between regions, increasing competition for resources and exacerbating ethnic and local tensions
Questions about the integrity of elections can lead to protests that may weaken legitimacy and any ongoing democratization processes
What is political stability?
The ability of the state to maintain sovereignty
What can reduce political stability?
Not combatting corruption
State responses to separatist groups, violence, protests, drug trafficking, religious differences, mass protest movements, internal reform movements, varied state responses to mass protest movements that oppose governmental policies or their equal enforcement
If states increase political stability, they can attract foreign investment
Internal reform pressure from citizen protest groups and civil society can lead to the creation of new political institutions or policies to protect civil liberties, improve transparency, address election fairness and media bias, limit corruption and ensure equality under law
What are the types of legitimacy?
Traditional, based on traditions, ceremonial and often based in religion
Charismatic, based on the personality of an individual leader or group. Often unstable and short-lived, leans towards authoritarian regimes
Rational-legal, based on a system of well-established laws and procedures. Supported by institutions and citizens and they obey their leaders because they believe in the rules that allow their leaders to be in office
Some sources are nationalism, popular elections, constitutional provisions, traditions, governmental effectiveness, economic growth, ideology, religious heritage and organizations and the dominant party’s endorsement
What is code law?
Based on a comprehensive system of commercial, civil and criminal codes
What is common law?
Based on tradition
What are types of authoritarian regimes?
Illiberal democracies or hybrid regimes
One-party states
Theocracies
Totalitarian governments
Military regimes
What are some factors that indicate the degree of democracy?
Rule of law
Principle that the state should be governed by law and not arbitrary decisions made by individual government officials
The degree of state influence on or control of the media
Degree and practice of free and fair elections
Degree of transparency of governmental decision making
Nature of citizen participation in the government
Independence of government branches are more likely in democratic regimes
What is democratic consolidation?
The process by which a democratic regime matures in terms of election rules, separation of powers and protection of civil liberties- making it unlikely to revert to authoritarianism without an external shock