BIO103 EXAM 2 CH 7 MCMULLEN JMU

ingestion

take in energy and materials from the environment

what is the nutritional mode of an organism based on? (2 things)

what energy and carbon source they use

the first metabolic option

energy source is light

what is light used to make in photosynthesis

ATP which is chemical energy

carbon source is _________ carbon. for example, co2 can be reduced to form organic compounds. the reduced carbon compound is used to make more atp

inorganic

the second metabolic option

energy source is chemicals taken from the enviornment.

energy is gained from the ____________ of reduced carbon molecules such as glucose. ORGANOTROPH

ex?

oxidation, plants

carbon source is organic, reduced carbon molecule such as glucose. taken in from the enviornment. the reduced carbon compounds are used to make ATP ________________

ex?

heterotroph, animals, fungi, protozoans

co2 enters the plant through _________ in the leaves/ it moves by _______ into the leaf cells, and then into the __________. it will be reduced to carbohydrates.

stomates, diffusion, chloroplasts

water enters plant through the process of _________ (simple diffusion) and when water molecules reach the leaves they split

osmosis

photons

particles of light energy

visible spectrum of light

750nm-400nm violet to red

higher wavelength

750nm but lower energy

lower wavelength

400nm but higher energy

green light

not easily absorbed through photosynthesis

photosynthesis begins when light energy is absorbed by photosynthetic pigments. pigments are molecules that absorb different ________ of light. organisms take on the color of the wavelengths of light that are not highly absorbed (_______)

wavelengths, reflected

chlorephyll has a ___ atom surrounded by four ______ atoms

magnesium, nitrogen

antenna pigments

absorb light energy and pass it on to a special pair of chlorophyll molecules

respiration

cells use sugars (glucose) and electron acceptor to make energy in a form that can be used to power the cells reaction.

without _______, glycolysis will shut down

NAP?

glycolysis takes place in a serious of ? reactions, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme

10

substrate phosphorylation

the process that produces ATP molecules

during substrate phosphorylation a phosphate group is transferred from a _________ substrate molecule to ADP forming ATP.

high energy

Net energy yield of glycolysis

2 ATP and 2 NADH

in glycolysis, additionally the 2 ___________ molecules contain a large amount of _________ energy.

pyruvic acid, potential energy

alcoholic fermentation

A process used by yeast cells and most plant cells to produce carbon dioxide and ethanol.

lactate fermentation

as lactate accumulates in muscle cells during exercise, it lowers the pH of the cells and reduces the capacity of muscle fibers to contract, producing the sensations of fatigue.

bacteria, fungi, protists, and animal cells form ________ when oxygen is scarce or absent.

lactate

what is NOT produced in lactate fermentation

carbon dioxide and ATP

what source is needed for glycolysis to continue? (+ hint)

free NAD+

what molecule does fermentation produce?

NAD+