gen overview of bio

sensory memory length and amt

breif and <1 second

short term / working memory amount

7

long term memory storage

infinate

_______→ encoding → consolidation → storage → retrieval.

sensory input 

: Sensory input →  _________→ consolidation → storage → retrieval.

encoding 

: Sensory input → encoding →  _________→ storage → retrieval.

consolidation 

: Sensory input → encoding → consolidation → -________→ retrieval.

storage

: Sensory input → encoding → consolidation → storage → _____

retrieval

Long term potentiationn — LTP

increase in synaptic strength , strengthened by retrieval

hippocampus

forms new memories and consolidates short term to long term

encoding -

convert sensoty input into storagable form

consolidation

new memories aare stabilized and consolidated into LTM 

___→ molecule → macromolecule → organelle → cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism → population → community → ecosystem → biosphere.

atom 

Atom →  ———- → macromolecule → organelle → cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism → population → community → ecosystem → biosphere.

molecule

Atom → molecule →  ——-→ organelle → cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism → population → community → ecosystem → biosphere.

macromolecule 

Atom → molecule → macromolecule → ——- → cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism → population → community → ecosystem → biosphere.

organelle 

Atom → molecule → macromolecule → organelle → ——- → tissue → organ → organ system → organism → population → community → ecosystem → biosphere.

cell

Atom → molecule → macromolecule → organelle → cell → ——— → organ → organ system → organism → population → community → ecosystem → biosphere.

tissue

Atom → molecule → macromolecule → organelle → cell → tissue → ——-  → organ system → organism → population → community → ecosystem → biosphere.

organ 

Atom → molecule → macromolecule → organelle → cell → tissue → organ → ———-  → organism → population → community → ecosystem → biosphere.

organ system 

Atom → molecule → macromolecule → organelle → cell → tissue → organ → organ system → ——- → population → community → ecosystem → biosphere.

organism 

Atom → molecule → macromolecule → organelle → cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism →  —— → community → ecosystem → biosphere.

population 

Atom → molecule → macromolecule → organelle → cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism → population →  ——- → ecosystem → biosphere.

community 

Atom → molecule → macromolecule → organelle → cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism → population → community → ——— → biosphere.

ecosystem

Atom → molecule → macromolecule → organelle → cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism → population → community → ecosystem → ——— 

biosphere 

 —— → question → hypothesis → prediction → experiment → analysis → conclusion → communication.

observation 

Observation →  ——— → hypothesis → prediction → experiment → analysis → conclusion → communication.

question 

Observation → question → ———- → prediction → experiment → analysis → conclusion → communication.

hypothesis 

Observation → question → hypothesis → ————- → experiment → analysis → conclusion → communication.

prediction 

Observation → question → hypothesis → prediction →  ———— → analysis → conclusion → communication.

experiment 

Observation → question → hypothesis → prediction → experiment →  ———- → conclusion → communication.

analysis 

Observation → question → hypothesis → prediction → experiment → analysis →  ————— → communication.

conclusion 

Observation → question → hypothesis → prediction → experiment → analysis → conclusion → ——— 

communication 

ionic bond

transfer of electrons

covalent bonds

shared electrons, strongest unter bio conditions

cohesion (emergent properties of water)

water molecules stick together 

adhesion (emergent properties of water)

water molecules stick to other surfaces

surface tension (emergent properties of water)

cohesive forces create a skin at surface

high specific heat (emergent properties of water)

water resists temp changes 

high heat of vaporization (emergent properties of water)

water requires energy to evaporate

solvent ability (emergent properties of water)

water dissolves many polar and ionic substances

polar

unequal sharing of e-, partial charges, bent

non polar 

equal sharing of e- , no partial charges 

electronegativity

atom’s ability to attract e- in a bond

cohestion

attraction of molecules of same substance

adhesion

attraction of molec of diff substances

specific heat

amt of energy required to raise 1g of a substance 1* C

-OH

hydroxyl

properties of hydroxyl 

alcohol, polar, water sol 

-COOH

carboxyl

properties of carboxyl

acids, polar, donates H+

-NH2

amino

amino properties

bases, polar accepts H+

-PO4

phosphate

properties of phosphate

energy storage ATP, polar

-SH

sulfhydryl

sulfhydryl properties

polar, stabilize protein

-CH3

menthyl

menthyl properties

non polar, effects gene expression

what is the only nonpolar functional group

menthyl

dehydration synthesis is aka

polymerization

dehydraitoin/polymerization is

building

hydrolysis is

breaking

ex of carbs 

startch glycogen cellulose 

ex of lipids

triglicerides phospholip steroids

proteins ex

collagem hemoglobin

nucleic acids

energy storage 

4 macros 

protein carb lipid nucleic acid 

monomer

small building block of macromolecule

polymer

made of monomers

monosaccharides

glucose fructose galactose, monomer of carbs

polysaccharide 

polymer of monosaccharides 

fatty acid 

Carboxylic acid with a long hydrocarbon chain; building block of lipids.

amino acid

Monomer of proteins; contains amino and carboxyl groups; side chains determine properties.

peptide bonds 

link aa in protein 

nucleotide

Monomer of nucleic acids; composed of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base.

requirements for life 

source of energy (sunlight chem reactions), macros, membranes, replication

oparin haldane hypothesis

life began in shallow water, premorial soup

iron sulfer world hypothesis

life originated at deep sea vents

what produced oxygen for the oxygen revolution 

cyanobacteria 

abiogenesis

life originated from nonliving matter through chem evol

protocell

Simple membrane-enclosed structure capable of maintaining internal environment; step between non-living chemistry and true cells.

heterotroph

organism consumes organic molecules for energy

autotroph

Organism that produces its own food from inorganic sources (photoautotrophs use light; chemoautotrophs use chemicals).

_______ —> formation of organic macro —> protocells —> self replication

abiotic synthesis of monomers

abiotic synthesis of monomers —> __________ —> protocells —> self replication

formation of organic macromolecules

abiotic synthesis of monomers —> formation of organic macro —>  _____ —> self replication

protocells 

abiotic synthesis of monomers —> formation of organic macro —> protocells —> _______

self replication 

metabolism 

The total of all chemical reactions within a cell or organism; includes catabolic (breakdown) and anabolic (building) pathways.

catabolic

break down molecules and release energy

are catabolic reactions exergonic or endergonic

exergonic

anabolic reactions

build complex molecules and require energy

are anabolic reactions endergonic or exergonic 

endergonic 

where is the energy stored in ATP 

phosphate bonds 

breaking a phosphate off of atp releases

energy for cellular work

example of an anabolic pathway

protein synthesis or photosynthesis

energy released from ____ reactions drives ____ reactions 

catabolic, anabolic 

energy is released form ATP via 

hydrolysis 

phosphorylation 

Transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule, making it more reactive