Section C - The changing economic world

What is development?

Progress in economic growth, technology use, and quality of life; measures how socially and economically advanced a country is.

What is an MDC?

A more developed country with a high standard of living, strong infrastructure, and good healthcare and education.

What is an LDC?

A less developed country with poverty, poor healthcare, and limited education.

What does the term "continuum of development" mean?

Development occurs on a scale, and countries move through stages over time.

What are economic indicators?

Numerical measures of wealth and economic activity such as GNI and GDP.

What does GNI per capita measure?

The total value of goods and services produced by a country, including overseas income, divided by population.

What does GDP measure?

The total value of goods and services produced within a country’s borders in one year.

What is meant by employment structure?

The proportion of people working in primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary industries.

What are social indicators?

Measures of quality of life such as health, education, and access to resources.

Define birth rate.

The number of live births per 1,000 people per year.

Define death rate.

The number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.

Define infant mortality rate.

The number of deaths of children under one year per 1,000 live births.

What does "people per doctor" indicate?

Access to healthcare and medical services.

What is literacy rate?

The percentage of people over 15 who can read and write.

What does “access to safe water” measure?

The proportion of people with access to clean drinking water.

Why use composite indicators?

To combine multiple measures for a fuller picture of development.

What is HDI?

Human Development Index – combines life expectancy, education, and GNI per capita.

What is the HDI scale?

From 0 to 1; higher values mean higher development.

Name two countries with high HDI.

Norway and Switzerland.

Name two countries with low HDI.

Niger and Chad.

What are limitations of development indicators?

Data can be unreliable, averages hide inequality, and cost of living differs.

Why can GNI be misleading?

It does not show wealth distribution or quality of life.

What does the Demographic Transition Model show?

How birth and death rates change as a country develops.

How many stages are in the DTM?

Five.

Describe Stage 1 of the DTM.

High birth and death rates, slow growth; e.g., tribal societies.

Describe Stage 2 of the DTM.

Falling death rate, high birth rate, rapid growth; e.g., Afghanistan.

Describe Stage 3 of the DTM.

Falling birth rate, low death rate; slower growth; e.g., India.

Describe Stage 4 of the DTM.

Low birth and death rates; stable population; e.g., UK.

Describe Stage 5 of the DTM.

Birth rate falls below death rate; population decline; e.g., Japan.

What are population pyramids used for?

Showing age and gender structure of a population.

Describe the shape of a pyramid for an LIC.

Wide base, narrow top.

Describe the shape of a pyramid for an NEE.

Narrowing base, wider middle.

Describe the shape of a pyramid for an HIC.

Narrow base, wide top, ageing population.

What is the development gap?

The difference in living standards and quality of life between rich and poor countries.

Name three types of causes of uneven development.

Physical, historical, and economic causes.

Give physical causes of uneven development.

Climate extremes, mountains, natural hazards, lack of resources.

Give historical causes of uneven development.

Colonialism and conflict.

Give economic causes of uneven development.

Trade inequality, debt, and unfair global markets.

What are consequences of uneven development?

Wealth and health inequalities and increased migration.

What is “brain drain”?

Skilled workers leaving LICs to work in HICs.

List strategies to reduce the development gap.

Investment, industrial development, tourism, aid, debt relief, intermediate technology.

How does investment help?

Brings capital, infrastructure, and jobs.

How does industrial development help?

Creates employment and raises income.

How does tourism help?

Generates foreign exchange and employment.

How does aid help?

Provides financial or practical support for short- and long-term needs.

What is debt relief?

Cancelling or reducing debt to allow spending on development.

What is intermediate technology?

Simple, affordable technology suited to local needs.

What is Jamaica’s main industry?

Tourism.

What percentage of GDP does tourism provide in Jamaica?

24%.

How many jobs does tourism create in Jamaica?

About 200,000.

List benefits of tourism in Jamaica.

Jobs, infrastructure, and support for local businesses.

List problems caused by tourism in Jamaica.

Uneven benefits, environmental damage, dependence on tourism.

What is the North–South divide?

Economic and social differences between northern and southern UK regions.

What caused deindustrialisation in the UK?

Decline of traditional industries.

Which sectors have grown in the UK?

Service and technology sectors.

How is the UK government reducing the divide?

Investing in transport, enterprise zones, and local development projects.

List five key ways to reduce global inequality.

Fair trade, aid and debt relief, tourism, investment, technology transfer, industrialisation.