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Which theorists is an Analytical psychologist?
Carl Jung
Which theorists are Ego psychologists?
Karen Horney, Harry Stack Sullivan, and Anna Freud
Which theorists are Object relations theorists?
Melanie Klein, John Bowlby, Harry Stack Sullivan, Margaret Mahler, and others
Which theorists are Self psychologists?
Heinz Kohut and others.
How did neo-Freudians view transference differently than Freud?
All of the Neo-Freudian theorists viewed the process of projective identification, along with its exploration and analysis, as an essential counseling ingredient. Projective identification should be distinguished from transference. In transference, the therapist is viewed inaccurately as having characteristics of significant people in the client's early life; for example, the therapist may be seen as an angry and judgmental parent. In projective identification, a part of the internalized object or the self is projected onto the therapist. The internal object relationship is then re-created in the client-therapist relationship, where it can be reworked to allow modification of the internalized object (Scharff & Scharff, 2005). Being receptive to a client's projective identification is the first step in being able to uncover overwhelming feelings of rage and despair and, ultimately, contain them (Sweet, 2010).
What is the mind in conflict in contemporary psychoanalytic theory?
the ongoing struggle within an individual's psyche between different internal forces, such as desires, morals, and external pressures, which are constantly negotiating and attempting to reach a balance, often occurring at an unconscious level; this concept is central to understanding mental processes and behavior within psychoanalytic frameworks.
What are some Key points about the "mind in conflict" in contemporary psychoanalysis?
• Freud's foundational model:
Sigmund Freud's original psychoanalytic theory laid the groundwork for this concept by introducing the "id," "ego," and "superego" as distinct mental structures that are often in conflict with each other.
• Unconscious motivations:
A crucial aspect of this conflict is that many of the driving forces are unconscious, meaning individuals may not be fully aware of the internal struggles influencing their thoughts and actions.
• Defense mechanisms:
When conflicts become too overwhelming, the ego utilizes defense mechanisms like repression, denial, and projection to manage anxiety and maintain psychological stability.
• Object relations theory:
Contemporary psychoanalytic schools like object relations theory place more emphasis on the impact of early relationships with caregivers on how individuals experience internal conflict and form interpersonal relationships.
• Therapeutic focus:
Psychoanalysis aims to bring these unconscious conflicts to conscious awareness through interpretation and analysis of the patient's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in therapy, allowing for healthier coping mechanisms and resolution of internal struggles.
How did ego psychologists differ from Freud?
Ego psychologists moved away from Freud's emphasis on the drives and the id to a focus on the development of the ego. They concentrated on development over the lifespan and emphasized the importance of both the self-image and relationships. They built on Freud's personality structure (id, ego, superego) and focused on faulty ego development, rather than libidinal or sexual drives, as the cause of pathology.
Who challenged Freud's Oedipus complex from a woman's perspective?
Karen Horney
What are some of Karen Horney's contributions to contemporary psychoanalytic theory?
—Proposed drives inherent in females, such as the drive toward motherhood and security.
—Emphasized the role of culture and environment in the developmental process, and how people often fall victim to what she referred to as the "tyranny of the shoulds"—the expectations that people put on themselves.
—was a founding member and the first woman teacher at the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute
—wrote a series of papers that critically examined the relevance of Freud's theories to women, challenging biological determinism and considering a more holistic approach that included cultural, social, and interpersonal factors in the formation of personality. During the 1960s, these papers were embraced by proponents of the feminist movement because of their enlightened view of women.
—Horney's view of human nature is positive and optimistic, more consistent with humanistic theorists than with Freud's ideas. She suggested that the purpose of life was actualization of the real self, the repository of the healthy conscience and values that promoted the best interests of all humanity.
—According to Horney, our potential for growth and self-actualization is present at birth and extends across the lifespan.
— Self realization depends on the environment of the person, if a child grows up in a healthy home for example.
Who are some theorist who contributed to the development of object relations theory?
Melanie Klein, John Bowlby, W. R. D. Fairbairn, D. W. Winnicott, Otto Kernberg, Margaret Mahler, and Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy.
Who is considered the mother of object relations theory and what population did she focus on?
Melanie Klein, children
____________ ____________ is currently one of the best known object relations theorists because of his popular theory, _________________ _________________.
John Bowlby, attachment theory
Bowlby hypothesized the existence of a universal human need to form
close emotional bonds (Fonagy & Target, 2009).
Bowlby believed that a strong causal relationship existed between children's attachment to their parents and their later capacity to
form affectional bonds and experience positive emotional development (Bowlby, 1988). The main variable in this connection is the extent to which children's parents provide them with a secure base that allows for growth and exploration.
The central concept of object relations theory is
that adult personality characteristics depend on the nature of the individual's early relationships, particularly that which the child has with the mother or primary caregiver. According to this theory, the infant is driven to attach to an object, defined not as another person but as the internal mental structure that the infant forms of that person through introjection.
Object relations theory has become the __________________ _________________ ____________________ within psychodynamic psychotherapy today and continues to evolve.
dominant theoretical perspective
Object relations theorists focus more on the attachment between the
early "objects" (or caregivers) and the young child. Early childhood attachment, they believe, is the foundation on which personality and future relationships are formed.
What are the two main types of objects in object relations theory?
external objects and internal objects.
External objects are things and people in the environment.
Internal objects are the more important objects, consisting of the psychological structures people internalize from their interactions with others. They include an image of the self, an image of the other person, and associated emotions
What are some contributions of object relations theory to contemporary counseling and psychotherapy?
—The link it established between developmental theory and psychoanalytic practice
—The emphasis it placed on ensuring that the therapeutic situation is a safe place, a holding environment, and a place of containment that enables people to meet the challenges of emotional growth without being engulfed by troubling emotions
—The recognition of the importance of both countertransference and transference, the person of the therapist, the therapeutic alliance, and attention to the here-and-now clinical situation.
—Research by Bowlby and others has affirmed object relations theorists' emphasis on children's attachment to the caregiver.
—Greenberg and Johnson integrated Bowlby's attachment theory with humanistic person-centered therapy in the creation of emotion-focused therapy
—contributed greatly to the development of relational theory. Relational theorists attend not only to the relationship between the client and others, but more specifically on the interrelationship between the client and therapist
—research suggests attachment style is related to interactional patterns in romantic relationships, parenting, and friendships
Who conducted what is probably the most important and best known research based on Bowlby's concepts? What did it demonstrate?
Mary Ainsworth
Ainsworth and her colleagues created what they termed the "strange situation" in which infants were observed before, during, and after a brief period of time in which they were separated from their caregivers and left with a stranger in an unfamiliar environment. The infants' responses were classified into the following four categories:
—Secure. Children demonstrated curiosity and comfort in the presence of their caregiver, became anxious and distressed in the presence of the stranger, and sought and accepted comfort when the caregiver returned, soon resuming exploration.
—Anxious/avoidant. These children were less anxious with the stranger, did not seek comfort from the caregiver, and did not seem to prefer the caregiver over the stranger. These children probably had experiences in which the caregiver did not help them regulate their emotions; consequently, they overregulate emotions and avoid troubling situations.
—Anxious/resistant. Children in this group engaged in little exploration, were highly distressed during the separation, but had difficulty accepting comfort from the caregiver and continued to manifest anxiety or anger.
—Disorganized/disoriented. Children in this group manifested confusing and undirected behavior, such as head banging and a wish to escape, even after the caregiver had returned. Ainsworth suggested that the caregivers of these children had evoked both fear and comfort. A history of neglect or abuse often is associated with this pattern.
