BIOLOGY Cellular respiration, Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis

process that converts light

energy to chemical energy

Granum

Stack of Thylakoids

adenosine tri-phosphate

The energy currency of the cell

ATP synthase

the flow of hydrogen ions through the ______ is to convert ADP to ATP

adenosine, phosphate groups

adenosine

tri-phosphate (ATP) that is made up of an

organic molecule _____, plus a tail of 3

_____________.

adenosine diphosphate

chargeless. After the removal of the phosphate end, the

remaining molecule is now called

Photosynthesis

harnesses light energy from

the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water

into glucose

Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy —>C6H12O6 + 6O2

chloroplast

In what part of the plant cell does

Photosynthesis takes place?

Chlorophyll a

absorbs mainly the red and blue-

violet light rays and reflects dark green light.

Chlorophyll b

absorbs mainly orange and blue

light, and reflects yellow green.

Light dependent reaction

uses light, water,

and other light absorbing molecules

- Has two Photosystems.

Light-dependent

reactions

Light energy is

converted to chemical

energy (photosynthesis)

Light-dependent

reactions

Water molecule is

oxidized producing

oxygen (photosynthesis)

Light-dependent

reactions

Energy molecules

NADPH and ATP (photosynthesis)

thylakoid membrane

The Light Dependent Reaction.

...occurs in the

Photosystem II

Absorption of light

energy of reaction center (photosynthesis)

Photosystem II

Water molecule is

oxidized (photosynthesis)

Photosystem II

Oxygen is produced and

released to the

atmosphere (photosynthesis)

Photosystem II

Electrons from water

will undergo electron

transport chain (photosynthesis)

Photosystem I

NADP+ reducing to

NADPH (photosynthesis)

Photosystem I

ADP to ATP through

ATP synthase. The

process called

phosphorylation (photosynthesis)

NADPH, ATP, Oxygen

____the final product and

______ as the waste

product in Photosystem I

phosphorylation

ADP to ATP through

ATP synthase. The

process called

stroma

Light Independent Reaction occurs in the

Light Independent Reactions

Uses carbon dioxide (photosyynthesis)

Light independent

reactions

Energy molecules from

light-dependent

reactions are used to

build high-energy

compounds, that is,

carbohydrates

Calvin Cycle

Light Independent Reaction or the

ribulose biphosphate, rubisco

1. Process begins with C02 fixation wherein CO2 is

added to a five-carbon compound called _________________, with the help of enzyme _________ (Light independent reaction)

Phosphoglycerate

2. CO2 + RuBP will form _______(Light independent reaction)

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

ATP and NADPH produced by Light-dependent

stage will be used to convert PGA to __________

(Light independent reaction)

glucose

4. Some of the G3P will be used to form ___________(Light independent reaction)

Dark Reactions

another name for the Calvin cycle / light independent reaction

glucose, fuel molecules

Within each plant and animal cell, ____ and other ______ are

broken down during Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration

a series of chemical reactions

that break apart fuel molecules and transfer the

energy stored in their bonds to adenosine

triphosphate (ATP) for use in cellular work

aerobic pathway

Cells that live in environment where oxygen is

plentiful use an

anaerobic pathway

Cell that live on oxygen-poor environment

(waterlogged soil or polluted water must use

Aerobic Respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O ———> 6CO2 + 12H2O + Energy (ATP)

glycolysis, formation of acetyl coenzyme A, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

The chemical reactions of aerobic respiration occurs in four stages

glucose

One of the most common pathway of

aerobic respiration involves the

breakdown of nutrient ______

carbon dioxide, water

During aerobic respiration,

energy is released as fuel

molecules are catabolized to

____ and _____

Glycolysis

...glucose transform into pyruvate

2

Glycolysis

1. Glucose + _ ATP

Glyceraldehyde-3-

phosphate

Glycolysis

2. Glucose is then split forming 2

   molecules of ________________________

Pyruvic acid

Glycolysis

3. Certain atoms rearrange

   and G3P is transformed into

   _____________

4

Glycolysis

4. Enough chemical energy is

   released from the original sugar

   molecule producing ___ ATP

   molecules

Formation of acetyl coenzyme A

...converting pyruvate molecules to acetyl CoA

mitochondrion

Formation of acetyl coenzyme A

1. Pyruvate

   molecules move

   into the _____________

1

Formation of acetyl coenzyme A

2. ____ carbon is

   removed and

   released as CO2

NADH

Formation of acetyl coenzyme A

3. Removed H+

   are accepted by

   NAD+ forming

   _________

2 Acetyl CoA

Formation of acetyl coenzyme A

4. Series of reactions converts 2

   pyruvate to ________

Citric Acid cycle

...acetyl coA forming NADH and FADH2

Krebs Cycle

popularly known as the citric acid cycle

oxaloacetate

Citric Acid cycle

1. Acetyl CoA fuse

   with

   _______________

Citrate

Citric Acid cycle

2. ___ is formed

1

Citric Acid cycle

3. Citrate will

   lose ___

   carbon

   forming CO2

oxidize

Citric Acid cycle

4. Remaining 5-

   carbon

   compound

   will again

   _____________

5. 4-carbon

   oxaloacetate

Citric Acid cycle

5. ________ will

   regenerate

   and another

   cycle will

   occur

NADH

Citric Acid cycle

Most of the energy by oxidation are

transferred to NAD+ forming

FADH2

Citric Acid cycle

Electrons are transferred to FAD forming

2, 6, 2

How many ATP, NADH and FADH2 form

after the Citric Acid cycle

1

Only _ molecule of ATP is produced per

citric acid cycle

Electron Transport

...NADH and FADH2 formed, will be used to make ATP

electron acceptor molecule

Electron Transport

1. NADH and FADH2

   transfers electrons

   to _____________ to the next

ATP

Electron Transport

2. Their lose energy is

   used to make ________

H2O

Electron Transport

3. Hydrogen will now

   combined with

   oxygen to form ___

Glycolysis

In aerobic cellular respiration, the first stage is ______________ which

occurs in the cytosol

pyruvate

Here (Glycolysis), the final product are 2 molecules of ________________

formation of acetyl coA

2 molecules of pyruvate will now proceed to ____________ where

conversion of pyruvate to another form will occur

2 acetyl coenzyme A

2 pyruvate will now be converted to ______________

oxaloacetate

2 acetyl CoA will now proceed to citric acid cycle where various NADH and

FADH2 will form. The process starts when carbons of acetyl CoA will be

transferred to ______________ forming citrate

oxygen

At the end of citric acid cycle, 4-C compound oxaloacetate will regenerate.

Lastly, the electron transport chain, which accepts electrons and H+ from

previous stages, here, water will form due to the final electron acceptor

______________.

Anaerobic Pathways

...oxygen is NOT the final electron acceptor in ETC

Fermentation

Degrades glucose and other

organic molecules without

oxygen

alcoholic

fermentation

They degrade glucose to pyruvate through glycolysis

alcoholic

fermentation

When deprived of oxygen, these cells split CO2 off from pyruvate to

form ethyl alcohol

lactate

fermentation

Certain fungi and prokaryotes

lactate

fermentation

Pyruvate produced from glycolysis is converted to lactate