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112 Terms
What is geography?
The study of Earth's physical features and human activities and their interactions.
What is human geography?
The study of people
What is physical geography?
The study of natural features like landforms
What are the 4 Ws of geographic thinking?
What is Where? Why There? Why Care? What to Do?
What is spatial significance?
The importance of a location based on natural or human features.
What is geographic perspective?
Looking at issues through social
What is interrelationship?
How natural and human systems interact and influence each other.
What is absolute location?
The exact spot on Earth using coordinates (latitude and longitude).
What is relative location?
The location of a place in relation to another place.
What is a causal question?
A question that asks why something happens.
What is a factual question?
A question asking for concrete information or data.
What is a comparative question?
A question that compares places/things
What is a primary source?
Original information like interviews
What is a secondary source?
Information analyzed or interpreted from a primary source
What is GPS?
A satellite-based system that provides exact location on Earth.
What is GIS?
A system that captures and manages geo data.
What tectonic plate is Canada on?
The North American Plate.
What happens when oceanic and continental plates meet?
The denser oceanic plate subducts under the continental plate forming trenches.
What landform region do we live in (Ontario)?
The Canadian Shield.
What is the largest landform region in Canada?
The Canadian Shield.
Name all 7 landform regions of Canada.
Arctic and Subarctic Lands, Western Cordillera, Interior Plains, Canadian Shield, Hudson Bay Lowlands, St. Lawrence Lowlands, and the Appalachian Region.
What activities suit the Western Cordillera?
Tourism, hiking, biking
What mineral resources are found in the Canadian Shield?
Precious metals like gold, silver
Where is most of Canada’s oil found?
Interior Plains.
What’s the difference between climate and weather?
Climate is long-term average conditions; weather is short-term atmospheric changes.
How does climate change affect Canadians?
It causes extreme weather such as heatwaves forest fire, one recent is in manitoba.
What is Canada’s population?
Around 40 million.
What % of Canadians live in urban areas?
Over 80%.
What is the world’s population?
About 8 billion.
What trend are developed countries like Canada experiencing?
Population decline or aging populations.
What province has the highest population density?
Prince Edward Island.
What is population density?
Population per unit area (people/km²)
What level of development shows rapid growth?
Low or developing countries.
Birth rate formula?
(Births ÷ Population) × 1000.
Death rate formula?
(Deaths ÷ Population) × 1000.
Why use rates not raw numbers for birth/death?
Rates allow for comparisons between countries of different sizes.
Impacts of urbanization?
More pollution, higher demand for housing, habitat loss, demand for infrastructure, more jobs needed.
What city do most immigrants settle in?
Toronto
What is immigration?
Moving into a country to live permanently.
What is emigration?
Leaving one's country to live elsewhere.
Why is immigration important to Canada?
Supports population growth, fills job shortages, boosts the economy, welcomes new culture.
What are immigration classifications?
Refugees, economic immigants, and family class.
What are the effects of the baby boom?
Aging population, increased demand for healthcare.
How diverse is Toronto?
Over 50% are visible minorities; many ethnic enclaves exist.
What is multiculturalism?
Policy that supports preserving cultural diversity.
What is assimilation?
When minorities gradually adopt the dominant culture.
What is urbanization?
The growth and expansion of cities, such as its infratsructure
What are the types of land use?
Residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, recreational, and agricultural.
What is urban sprawl?
Uncontrolled city expansion into rural areas.
What is urban growth?
Increase in the size and population of cities.
Urban sprawl effects in GTA?
Increased traffic, loss of farmland, environmental degradation, longer commutes, and higher infrastructure costs.
What is youthification?
When younger people move into older neighborhoods
Push vs Pull factors?
Push = reasons to leave (war)
What is an ethnic enclave?
A neighborhood with a high concentration of one ethnicity, creating a strong community of like-minded people.
Example of ethnic enclave in Toronto?
Chinatown – Chinese signs
Why is Toronto attractive to immigrants?
It offers job opportunities, cultural diversity, established immigrant communities, and access to services and support.
How often is Canada’s census taken?
Every 5 years.
What is a census tract?
A small geographic area used for census data.
What is an ecological footprint?
Measure of human demand on nature; influences consumer and company behavior.
How might consumers show displeasure at a company’s footprint?
By boycotting products, leaving negative reviews, protesting, or switching to eco-friendly alternatives.
What is the difference between town and city
A city is larger with more population, services, and infrastructure, while a town is smaller with fewer amenities and lower population density.
What is globalization?
The growing interconnectedness of the world's economies and cultures.
Why is globalization important?
nternational trade, cultural exchange, economic growth, and cooperation between countries.
2 pros of the global village?
Cultural exchange and increased economic growth.
2 cons of the global village?
Globalization can cause companies to move production to countries with cheaper labor, leading to job losses in higher-wage regions.
4 international organizations Canada belongs to?
United Nations (UN), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), World Trade Organization (WTO), World Health Organization (WHO).
What defines a developed country?
High HDI, stable population pyramid
What are the 4 types of industries?
Primary (natural resources) Secondary (manufacturing), tertiary ( services) Quintenary (Info and Knowledge)
Most people in developed countries work in?
Tertiary sector.
Why has global trade grown?
Because of advances in technology, free trade agreements, and improved transportation.
What is free trade?
Trade without tariffs or restrictions between countries.
What is the economy?
The system of producing, distributing, and consuming goods and services in exchange for currency.
What is a growing economy?
Increasing GDP and employment.
1 advantage of CUSMA?
Tariff-free trade among USA, Canada, and Mexico
1 disadvantage of CUSMA?
Because it allows easier movement of workers and goods between countries, increasing competition that can challenge some Canadian industries and jobs.
What is sustainability?
Using resources to meet needs without harming the future.
What is sustainable development?
Development that meets present needs while protecting future generations.
Low life expectancy?
Expansive pyramid and a non-developed country.
Baby boom after WWII?
Stable or constrictive (with bulge around age 50–70).
High birth rate?
Expansive pyramid.
Aging population problem?
Constrictive pyramid.
Improved economic development?
Stable or constrictive pyramid.
Stationary growth but needs immigration?
Stable pyramid.
Poorest quality of life?
Expansive pyramid.
Trade?
Exchange of goods and services between countries.
Sustainability vs sustainable development?
Sustainability is the goal of maintaining resources long-term; sustainable development is the process of meeting present needs without harming future generations.
3 pillars of sustainability?
Environmental, Social, and Economic
Youthification?
Young people revitalizing older neighborhoods.
Primary vs Secondary Source?
Primary = original data; Secondary = interpreted info.
Primary
Goods are just harvested, first stage of the cycle.
Settlement patterns?
Linear (houses along roads or rivers), Dispersed (spread out over large areas), Nuclear or Concentrated (clustered around a central point).
Factors affecting settlement?
Access to water, climate, soil quality, availability of jobs, and transportation routes.
Natural disasters' impact?
They cause damage to property, loss of life, displacement, and economic disruption.
Renewable vs Nonrenewable?
Renewable replenishes (solar); nonrenewable depletes (oil).
Expansive vs Stable vs Constrictive pyramids?
Expansive = growth; Stable = balanced; Constrictive = aging.
The coolest layer of the Earth is the?
Crust
Which Geo era lasted the longest?
precambrian era
Which geological era are we in right now?
Cenozoic
Houses that are spread out over a wide area is an example of which type of settlement pattern?
dispersed