Nature and History of PSYCHOLOGY

psyche

• soul

• Spirit

• breath

logia

Study Or. Research

psychology translation

study of soul

def of psychology

the scientific study of the behavior and the cognitive processes of individuals and groups

overt behavior

a behavior that we can see

covert behavior

hidden or not observable

Steps of scientific methods

• observation

• problem

• variables

• hyphothesis

• experiment

• data

• conclusion

free will

independent decision

determinism

everything has a cause

dualism

mindang body are seperate

monoism

mind and body arent seperate

nature

Biological factors

Nurture

environmental factors

thomas hobbes

• people are inherently bad

• we are wired to be selfish

Jean Jacquez Rousseau

• human are inherently good

• political and social Institute are the ones that makes us evil

homer

emotions and thoughts came from the heart, not the brain

alcmaeon of croton

brain is the sea of thoughthe and perception

hippocrates

four humor theory: blackpile, yellow Pile, blood And pleghm

• he was also the father of medicine

socrates

• know thyself

• understanding yourself is the key to wisdom

plato

• he beleive in dualism

• soul has 3 prts: Reason spirit and apetite

aristotle

• mind and body are connected

• knowledge came from an experience

Rene discartes

• mind control the body

Jonh Locke

• we are born blank state

• he was an empericist

Willam maximmiliam

• father of psychology

• has laboratory named: Institutional for experimental psychology

structuralisin

• a school in psychology that fours on the structure of the brain by breaking down into small elements

• examplel :If you eat an apple, a structuralist would ask you to describe the sensations — the sweetness, crunch, and smell — separately, to understand the "structure" of the experience.

functionalism

• a school focuses on How the mind helps us adapt and function in

• example: When you feel scared walking alone at night, your body tenses, your senses sharpen, and you walk faster. Functionalism would say fear exists because it helps you stay alert and safe — that’s its function.

Gestalt approach

• we naturally see petterns and infos and whole

• example:

behaviorism

• Study Behavior not the mind

psychodynamic perspective

• behavior is influenced by unconscious thoughts, childhood experiences, and inner conflicts — an idea started by Freud.

Biological perspective

• explain behavior from the workings or functions of the nervous system, specifically the brain, Chemicals, neurons,

cognitive perspective

• it focus on the Study of cognitive function such as memory thinking problem solving etc

humanstic existential perspective

• focuson positive side of human nature

• believes that people are inherently good

abraham's maslow's hirarchy of needs

pyramid of human needs into level

Biological and psychological

BASIC NEEDS

• food

• sleep

• water

safety

Basic needs II

• security

• healths

• finances

lovel/ Belonging

Psychological needs

• friendships

• intimacy

• conection

• family

esteem

Psychological needs

• respect

• Status

• Recognition

• strength

• salf esteem

self actualization

self fulfilment needs

• meetings one's full potential in life

who present unconditional and conditional positive Regard

carl Roger

unconditional positive Regard

someone continue to see someone ina positive light

conditional positive regard

Valuing someone when they present certain behavior according to you likings

social cognitive perspective

more focus on people who observe others to learn I our thought feelings, and behavior are influenced ray society

Goals of Psychology

DEPC

• describe

• Explain or understand

• predic

• change or control

Describe

describing the behaviors with careful observations

explaining

explaining the behavior by conducting experiment

Predict

predicting if the behavior will happen in the future

controll or Change

modify inappropriate behavior

clinical or counceling

more on diagnose assesmen, and treatment of mental disorder. They work mostly on hospita Clinic

developmental

focuses on studying the developmental stages of human life by examining the social, moral, emotional, and cognitive changes

social

are studying the behavior in social settings focuses on social interactions, stereotypes, prejudices, attitudes, conformity, group behaviors, aggression, and attraction

experimental

focuses on utilizing experimental and non-experimental research about perception, attention, learning, emotion, and other mental processes

Biological

study the structure and functions of the nervous system specifically the brain, the chemicals, and neural activities associated with behavior

cognitive

Focuses on understanding the mental processes that govern our behavior

Industrial or org.

on understanding the factors that affect the increased productivity and mental health of employees