Language and Speech

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Flashcards to help review key vocabulary and concepts related to language and speech.

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32 Terms

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Speech

The output of sounds from one human intended for another.

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Language

The ability to translate ideas into signals meant for another person; not speech, ideas or just sounds.

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Communication

The ability to convey ideas to one another, irrespective of media/channel (e.g., “I need water”).

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Symbolic communication in monkeys

Vervet monkeys alarm calls have semantic properties, potentially based on an internal percept.

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Functionally referential signaling

Communicate information regarding ongoing external events or objects.

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Phoneme

Distinct word sounds; smallest unit of sound that distinguishes one word from another (tab versus tag).

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Morphology

Words and their parts including prefixes and suffixes; smallest units of meaning.

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Syntax

The rules to form sentences & phrases.

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Semantics

Literal meaning.

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Pragmatics

Meaning in context.

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Symbolic (Language)

Using a word to express an abstract idea.

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Syntax (Language)

Ability to create sentences and phrases.

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Recursive

The ability to take discrete elements, like words or numbers, and recombine them in a way that creates an infinite variety of expressions.

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Forkhead box protein P2 (FoxP2)

A transcription factor that is expressed at high levels in the brain during fetal development.

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Function of foxP2 gene in language evolution

Humans carry two forms of FOXP2 not found in other primates.

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Dysphonia

Injury or overuse of muscle fibers or sound production organs used for speech (laryngitis).

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Aphasia

Language disorder with problems in language comprehension & formulation. Difficult remembering words or losing the ability to Speak, read or write. Can also affect visual languages such as sign language.

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Expressive Aphasia

Relates to someone who has difficulty getting a point across; usually the result of damage to Broca’s area.

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Receptive Aphasia

Is linked to difficulty receiving, understanding, and retaining information; can have numerous causes.

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Transcortical Motor Aphasia

Difficulty is speaking fluently (primarily word retrieval); language comprehension may be intact (more than Broca's); may have difficulty with writing and initiating sentences.

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Broca's Aphasia

Primary difficulty is speaking fluently; language comprehension may be intact or mildly impaired; may be able to read but not write; often labeled 'expressive aphasia'.

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Mixed Transcortical Aphasia

Difficulty speaking fluently; may have difficulties with understanding spoken language; reading and writing often impaired; strength with repetition.

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Global Aphasia

Difficulty speaking fluently and understands little to no spoken language; injuries to multiple language areas of the brain; most severe form of aphasia.

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Anomic Aphasia

Primary difficulty with word retrieval; language comprehension is intact; reading is intact; considered mild form of aphasia.

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Conduction Aphasia

Difficulty repeating words/phrases and some difficulty retrieving words; usually can speak fluently and usually can read and write.

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Transcortical Sensory Aphasia

Difficulty understanding spoken language while repetition is intact; usually can speak fluently similar to Wernicke's aphasia.

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Wernicke's Aphasia

Difficulty understanding spoken language and difficulty repeating words/phrases; usually speech is fluent but without meaning; often labeled 'receptive aphasia'.

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Wernicke’s area

Speech comprehension.

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Broca’s Area

Language processing, speech or sign processing and comprehension

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Conduction aphasia

A rare form of aphasia in which both expression and comprehension remain intact, but the patient shows an isolated impairment in their ability to repeat simple phrases.

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Hemispheric specialization for language

Left hemisphere for verbal ability

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Dyslexia

Specific learning difference that is neurological in origin, characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities.