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Flashcards to help review key vocabulary and concepts related to language and speech.
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Speech
The output of sounds from one human intended for another.
Language
The ability to translate ideas into signals meant for another person; not speech, ideas or just sounds.
Communication
The ability to convey ideas to one another, irrespective of media/channel (e.g., “I need water”).
Symbolic communication in monkeys
Vervet monkeys alarm calls have semantic properties, potentially based on an internal percept.
Functionally referential signaling
Communicate information regarding ongoing external events or objects.
Phoneme
Distinct word sounds; smallest unit of sound that distinguishes one word from another (tab versus tag).
Morphology
Words and their parts including prefixes and suffixes; smallest units of meaning.
Syntax
The rules to form sentences & phrases.
Semantics
Literal meaning.
Pragmatics
Meaning in context.
Symbolic (Language)
Using a word to express an abstract idea.
Syntax (Language)
Ability to create sentences and phrases.
Recursive
The ability to take discrete elements, like words or numbers, and recombine them in a way that creates an infinite variety of expressions.
Forkhead box protein P2 (FoxP2)
A transcription factor that is expressed at high levels in the brain during fetal development.
Function of foxP2 gene in language evolution
Humans carry two forms of FOXP2 not found in other primates.
Dysphonia
Injury or overuse of muscle fibers or sound production organs used for speech (laryngitis).
Aphasia
Language disorder with problems in language comprehension & formulation. Difficult remembering words or losing the ability to Speak, read or write. Can also affect visual languages such as sign language.
Expressive Aphasia
Relates to someone who has difficulty getting a point across; usually the result of damage to Broca’s area.
Receptive Aphasia
Is linked to difficulty receiving, understanding, and retaining information; can have numerous causes.
Transcortical Motor Aphasia
Difficulty is speaking fluently (primarily word retrieval); language comprehension may be intact (more than Broca's); may have difficulty with writing and initiating sentences.
Broca's Aphasia
Primary difficulty is speaking fluently; language comprehension may be intact or mildly impaired; may be able to read but not write; often labeled 'expressive aphasia'.
Mixed Transcortical Aphasia
Difficulty speaking fluently; may have difficulties with understanding spoken language; reading and writing often impaired; strength with repetition.
Global Aphasia
Difficulty speaking fluently and understands little to no spoken language; injuries to multiple language areas of the brain; most severe form of aphasia.
Anomic Aphasia
Primary difficulty with word retrieval; language comprehension is intact; reading is intact; considered mild form of aphasia.
Conduction Aphasia
Difficulty repeating words/phrases and some difficulty retrieving words; usually can speak fluently and usually can read and write.
Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
Difficulty understanding spoken language while repetition is intact; usually can speak fluently similar to Wernicke's aphasia.
Wernicke's Aphasia
Difficulty understanding spoken language and difficulty repeating words/phrases; usually speech is fluent but without meaning; often labeled 'receptive aphasia'.
Wernicke’s area
Speech comprehension.
Broca’s Area
Language processing, speech or sign processing and comprehension
Conduction aphasia
A rare form of aphasia in which both expression and comprehension remain intact, but the patient shows an isolated impairment in their ability to repeat simple phrases.
Hemispheric specialization for language
Left hemisphere for verbal ability
Dyslexia
Specific learning difference that is neurological in origin, characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities.