New Imperialism and Its Impact on Global Conflicts

What is 'New Imperialism'?

A period from the late 1800s to early 1900s characterized by the colonization of Africa and Asia by industrializing countries seeking raw materials and markets.

What were the motivations behind New Imperialism?

The motivations included the need for raw materials unavailable at home, the desire for a reliable market for goods, and a belief in a civilizing mission.

What phrase describes the political climate in Europe during New Imperialism?

The age of armed peace.

What was the perceived superiority associated with New Imperialism?

There was a belief in the superiority of religion, specifically the conversion to Christianity, and the superiority of culture, imposing European language, lifestyle, and technological advances.

What was Poland-Lithuania known for in Europe?

It was once the largest kingdom in Europe and the main arena for Jews, having the largest Jewish population in the world at one point.

What happened to Poland-Lithuania by 1798?

It was engulfed by Russia, Prussia, and Austria.

What significant change occurred in Germany in 1871 regarding citizenship?

Germany granted citizenship to all Germans, regardless of religion.

How did industrialization impact society in the mid-1800s?

Industrialization changed every aspect of society.

Who coined the term 'Antisemite' and what does it mean?

Wilhelm Marr coined the term, which means someone who is against the Semitic race.

What disinformation did Wilhelm Marr spread?

He spread disinformation about alleged Jewish leaders in Germany.

What was the Pale of Settlement?

An area designated by Catherine the Great in Western Russia where all Jewish people were required to live.

What does the term 'Ashkenazi' refer to?

A biblical name applied to Jewish communities in Germany and Northern France, later used for all European Jews not of Spanish or Portuguese origin.

What biblical references are associated with the naming of Jewish settlements?

Spain is identified as Sefarad, France as Tzarfat, and Bohemia as the Land of Canaan.

What was the significance of the Ashkenazi term in later eras?

It was applied to all European Jews who were not of Spanish or Portuguese origin (Sephardic) as they moved into Poland-Lithuania.

What are pogroms?

Violent acts or riots against Jewish people.

What was the age of imperialism characterized by?

An international arms race and constant wars for colonization and suppression of rebellions.

What was the aim of colonial conquest during the age of imperialism?

Permanent and total control of the population.

What was the impact of mutual defense alliances during conflicts?

They made small local conflicts much larger and involved colonies in wars.

What were the main factors contributing to the outbreak of World War I?

Imperialism, militarism, and nationalism.

What was the purpose of the Berlin Conference?

To compete for colonies and markets without direct wars.

What is total war?

A type of warfare where there is no distinction between combatants and civilians, aiming to destroy the opponent's resources.

How many civilians and combatants died in World War I?

9.7 million civilians and 9 million combatants.

What tactics were used in total war?

Targeting major infrastructure and blocking access to essential resources like water and imports.

What was significant about the use of chemical warfare in World War I?

There were no rules governing the use of weapons like chlorine or mustard gas.

What triggered the February Revolution in Russia?

Protests due to a lack of bread caused by World War I.

Who led the Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution?

Vladimir Lenin.

What were the main promises of the Bolsheviks?

Peace, land, and bread, along with workers controlling production.

What was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?

A treaty signed by Lenin on March 3, 1918, withdrawing Russia from World War I.

What was Germany's final wave of offense on the Western Front?

It occurred from March to July 1918, as Germany sought a favorable position before negotiating peace.

What was the discrepancy in lives lost during the age of imperialism?

There was a huge discrepancy between the number of European and non-European lives lost in battle.

How was the experience of colonial soldiers romanticized?

Through newspapers and novels that depicted their experiences positively.

What was the impact of the Russian Revolution on Tsar Nicholas II?

It resulted in the overthrow of Tsar Nicholas II.

What was the significance of the phrase 'All power to the soviets'?

It was a key slogan of the Bolsheviks advocating for workers' control.

What was the role of the Eastern Front during World War I?

It closed against Russia as Germany's war efforts deteriorated.

What materials are suggested for review regarding the Industrialization and Imperialism unit?

PowerPoints, class notes, readings on various topics including Rudyard Kipling's poem and political cartoons.

What characterized the age of imperialism between 1871-1914?

It was marked by an international arms race and constant wars for colonization and control.

What was the aim of colonial conquest during the age of imperialism?

To bring 'civilization' and establish permanent control over populations.

What impact did mutual defense alliances have on conflicts?

They escalated small local conflicts into larger wars involving colonies.

What was the purpose of the Berlin Conference?

To facilitate competition for colonies and markets without direct wars.

What is total war?

A type of warfare where there is no distinction between combatants and civilians, aiming to destroy the enemy's resources.

How many civilians and combatants died in World War I?

Approximately 9.7 million civilians and 9 million combatants.

What were the consequences of total war on infrastructure?

Targeting major infrastructure and blocking access to essential resources like water and imports.

What was the significance of the Russian Revolution's February Revolution?

It involved protests against the lack of bread due to WWI, leading to the overthrow of Tsar Nicholas.

What was the Bolsheviks' main message?

Peace, land, bread; advocating for workers' control of production and all power to the soviets.

What was Germany's final wave of offense on the Western Front?

It occurred from March to July 1918, as Germany sought to negotiate peace before deteriorating war efforts.

What does 'New Imperialism' refer to?

A period characterized by aggressive expansion and colonization by European powers.

What role did eugenics play during the period of imperialism?

It was a movement that sought to improve the genetic quality of the human population, often linked to discriminatory practices.

What was the romanticization of colonial soldiers?

The portrayal of colonial soldiers in a heroic light through newspapers and novels.

How did the arms race contribute to the age of imperialism?

It fueled competition among nations, leading to conflicts over colonies.

What was the impact of chemical warfare in World War I?

There were no rules on the use of chemical weapons like chlorine or mustard gas, marking a significant escalation in warfare.

What was the impact of the Eastern Front closing against Russia?

It allowed Germany to concentrate its efforts on the Western Front.

What were the implications of the lack of distinction in total war?

It led to widespread civilian casualties and destruction of civilian infrastructure.

What is the significance of the phrase 'all power to the soviets'?

It emphasized the Bolsheviks' commitment to transferring power to local councils representing workers and soldiers.

What was the primary motivation behind the New Imperialism of the late 1800s to early 1900s?

Industrializing countries sought raw materials unavailable at home and a reliable market for their goods.

What was the Age of Colonialism often thought to be?

A civilizing mission, promoting the superiority of religion and culture.

What concept did Rudyard Kipling's 'White Man's Burden' illustrate?

The belief in the duty of Europeans to civilize non-European peoples.

Who coined the term 'Antisemite'?

Wilhelm Marr.

What was the significance of Poland-Lithuania in Jewish history?

It was once the largest kingdom in Europe and the main arena for Jews, housing the largest Jewish population in the world at one point.

What was the outcome of Germany granting citizenship in 1871?

All Germans, regardless of religion, were granted citizenship.

What were some hereditary diseases that eugenics aimed to eliminate?

Feeblemindedness, epilepsy, criminality, insanity, alcoholism, and pauperism.

What immediate event triggered the outbreak of World War I?

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by the Serbian nationalist organization 'Black Hand'.

What was Austria-Hungary's ultimatum to Serbia on July 23, 1914?

A list of ten demands, which Serbia agreed to all but one.

What was the response of Austria-Hungary after Serbia's partial acceptance of the ultimatum?

Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914.

What was the broader conflict that escalated following Austria-Hungary's declaration of war?

Germany declared war on Russia, France, and Belgium, while Britain declared war on Germany.

What does the term 'Ashkenazi' refer to?

Jewish communities in Germany and Northern France, later applied to all European Jews not of Spanish or Portuguese origin.

What was the British government's definition of a 'Feeble-Minded' person?

A person capable of earning a living under favorable circumstances but incapable due to a mental defect from birth or early age.

What was the belief associated with eugenics in relation to societal progress?

It was seen as a way to reconcile exclusionary worldviews with the belief in progress.

What was the primary reason for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand?

Many unique ethno-linguistic groups within the Austria-Hungary empire sought independence.

What was the significance of the year 1798 for Poland-Lithuania?

It was engulfed by Russia, Prussia, and Austria.

What did the term 'eliminate' imply in the context of eugenics?

The belief that those deemed 'lesser humans' should be removed from society.

What was the role of the 'Black Hand' in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand?

It was the Serbian nationalist organization responsible for the assassination.

What was a key aspect of the political climate in Europe during the Age of Colonialism?

It was known as 'The age of armed peace', characterized by military build-up without direct conflict.

What did the term 'civilizing mission' imply during the Age of Colonialism?

The belief that European powers had a duty to spread their culture and religion to 'lesser' societies.

What was the impact of industrialization in the mid-1800s on society?

It changed every aspect of society, including economic structures and social relations.

Which countries declared war on Austria-Hungary at the start of World War I?

Russia, Montenegro, France, and Britain declared war on Austria-Hungary.

What was Germany's strategic goal at the onset of World War I?

Germany wanted to prevent a two-front war.

What significant military actions did Germany take between August 2-7, 1914?

Germany invaded Luxembourg and Belgium, while France invaded Alsace.

Which countries were part of the coalition against Austria-Hungary during World War I?

Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Rhodesia, Romania, Greece, France, Belgium, United States, Canada, Serbia, India, Portugal, Montenegro, and Poland.

What is meant by 'Total War' in the context of World War I?

Total War refers to the lack of distinction between combatants and civilians, aiming to destroy the enemy's resources to prevent them from continuing the war.

What was the estimated civilian and combatant death toll in World War I?

Approximately 9.7 million civilians and 9 million combatants died.

What were the targets of military strategies in Total War?

Major infrastructure, including blocking access to water, internet, or imports.

What limitations existed on the types of weapons used during World War I?

There were no limits on the types of weapons used, including the use of chlorine or mustard gas.

What role did women play during World War I?

Women were instrumental in the war effort across Britain, France, Germany, and America.

What is the significance of trench warfare in World War I?

Trench warfare was characterized by the brutal conditions faced by soldiers and the strategic stalemate it created.

What was the impact of chemical warfare in World War I?

Chemical warfare, including the use of chlorine and mustard gas, marked one of the first instances of such tactics in warfare.

What does the term 'Nationalism in Europe' refer to in the context of World War I?

Nationalism in Europe refers to the intense national pride and competition that contributed to the tensions leading to World War I.

What was the purpose of the military actions taken during Total War?

The purpose was to destroy the other contender's resources so they could not continue to wage war.

What was the outcome of Austria-Hungary's military actions in World War I?

Austria-Hungary eventually found itself at war with most of the world.

What is the significance of the video '5 Major Treaties & Alliances in the Build Up to World War One'?

It likely discusses the treaties and alliances that contributed to the outbreak of World War I.

What event led to the overthrow of Tsar Nicholas in Russia?

The February Revolution, driven by protests over a lack of bread due to World War I.

What was the Bolsheviks' slogan during the Russian Revolution?

Peace, land, bread.

What was the significance of the period from March to July 1918 on the Western Front?

It marked Germany's final wave of offensives, closing the Eastern Front against Russia.

What were the conditions in Germany leading to the abdication of Wilhelm II?

Germany was effectively a military dictatorship, experiencing popular unrest and a naval mutiny.

When did Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicate?

November 9, 1918.

What was the Armistice date that ended fighting in World War I?

November 11, 1918.

Who were the 'Big Three' at the Paris Peace Conference?

Woodrow Wilson (USA), Lloyd George (Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France).

What was the War Guilt Clause in the Treaty of Versailles?

Article 231, which stated that Germany was responsible for the entire war.

What happened to Germany's territories after the Treaty of Versailles?

Germany lost all overseas territories and was reduced in Europe, with lands divided among Belgium, Britain, France, and Japan.

What new country was created between Germany and Russia as per the Treaty of Versailles?

Poland, established by Articles 27 and 87.

What countries emerged from the division of Austria-Hungary?

Austria, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia, as per the Treaty of Saint-Germain and the Treaty of Trianon.