Studied by 8 people
who was the Whig Junto
group of Whig moderates who influenced P acts in the late 1693-1701
why did the Junto form
originally made in 1693 to help W&M war efforts in France
what was different about the Triennal Act of 1694
a NEW p had to be held ever 3 years which meant that elections must be held more frequently
after the Triennial Act, which group became dominant in p and privy council
the Whigs because they were popular in elections
what was discovered in 1696 that strengthened Whig support
plot to assassinate WoO
when and how did the Whig Junto begin to collapse
1699 Disbanding Bill - opposition kept passing bills to restrict the size of WoO’s standing army to eventually only 7,000
many members of Junto either resigned or promoted elsewhere
Treaty of Ryswick ended European war and therefore their keyhold over WoO
how did p control crown finances even further in 1699
passed a bill that forbade WoO from giving any confiscated Irish land as grants to privy council members illegal
why did p pass this finance law in 1699
WoO was found giving excessive grants to courtiers
what was the outcome of the 1701 elections
Tories grew in support and began to impeach leading Junto members, but they were acquitted
what were the three main reasons for increased division between the parties after 1689
p help more regularly - more cooperation from MPs
more frequent General Elections - had to organise to win votes
increased franchise - vote extended to more men sp they had to reflect broader interests
how did Whigs feel about succession and deciding who got to be king
they believed it was more of a contract between crown and subjects and could be removed if contract (constitution) was broken
how did Tories feel about succession and deciding who got to be king
believed in divine right and that subjects were to be passive and obedient to their monarch
how did Whigs feel about the war against France
fully supported W&M and trusted them to do what they kind of wanted
how did Tories feel about the war against France
supported LIMITED naval war against France
how did Whigs feel about religious toleration in 1689
wanted 1689 Toleration Act to include greater toleration of dissenters
how did Tories feel about religious toleration in 1689
wanted to defence CofE and prevent any further toleration
what was the oath of association
1696 - required all office holders to acknowledge W&M as the rightful monarchs
why was the 1696 oath of association introduced
there was a Jacobite plot to assassinate WoO
why were there divide over the oath of association
many Tories did'n’t want to sign it because they believed it overrides divine right
20 Tory lords and 90 MPs refused to take the oath
how did WoO feel about the Whigs 1690-96
he understood that they had allowed him to become king, however, he believed their ultimate goal was to remove his prerogative which he did not like
how did WoO feel about the Tories 1690-96
he was unconvinced of their loyalty to him, but wanted to appease them to allow him to implement change to the religious settlement
what was the Treaty of Ryswich
1697 - temporary end to the war against France
what was the Tory response to the Treaty of Ryswich
wanted to stop giving W&M tax money for the war
formed alliance with ‘anti-administration’ Whigs (anti-Junto) to gain seats in 1698 election
caused W&M to appoint more Tories to P
what was the result of more Tories being in power in 1697
cut in land tax
reduction in army size
removal of WoO’s Dutch guards
attempted impeachment of leading Junto Whigs
1701 Act of Settlement
what was the 1701 act of settlement
excluded Catholics from the throne
any non-English monarch had to have the consent of p to declare (non-civil) war - to prevent England becoming involved in Hanoverian conflicts
no secret advisers, only privy council
crown’s pardon couldn’t stop p impeaching people (so WoO couldn’t stop p impeaching Junto Whigs)
no one receiving a pension from the crown could be an MP
only p could remove judges
who was Bentinck, Duke of Portland
WoO’s secret advisor that caused the ban in the act of settlement
how did the financial revolution personally help the Whigs over the Tories
investors, normally Whigs, got lots of money from the loans because of interest, so gained lots on influence
govt officals asked for Whig help with FoPo so they also had say over that unlike Tories
Tories were rich from land and had to pay land tax so they had less money
what type of protestant was WoO
Calvinist and latitudinarian
how did WoO change the CofE
appointed more latitudinarian bishops
helped soften CofE to moderate dissenters
who was John Tillotson
latitudinarian ABoC 1691
how did the PN restict WoO’s relgious settlement
Tories didn’t want change
kept centred on narrow Anglican position that keep it less tolerant than WoO would have liked
what religious law did W&M want tot repel
Test Acts (restictied Catholics and dissenters from taking public office
what relgious law was passed 1689
the Toleration Act - exempted dissenters from penal laws if they took oath of allegiance and declared against transubstantiation
no toleration for Catholics
dissenters still barred from public office
what freedoms did the Toleration Act 1689 allow dissenters
right to worship at home and have meetings with others if their home was licensed and they kept the doors open
900 meeting house licences were issued
allowed to publish pamphlets when Licensing Act was not renewed (as per rules of TA) in 1695
what was the opinion of the Toleration Act 1689 in PN
WoO - not tolerant enough
Whigs - as least tolerant as they were willing to be
Tories (and clergy) - as tolerant as they were willing to be
what happened to dissenter groups after the Toleration Act 1689
grew in popularity, especially Quakers, upset Tories
why were Tories so scarred of the growth of dissenters
dissenters were often ‘monied’ men who had wealth from lending money and threatened the structure of class
believed they would destroy CofE b/ prejudice
pumped out a lot of pamphlets, thought they were growing more than they were
any complaints in p were dismissed by latitudinarians MPs and Lords
why did the Pn grow to not be so scared of Catholics under W&M
Act of Settlement 1701/ W&M being Protestant
war against France, stopping growth of French Empire in Western Europe
Battle of the Boyne 1690 - Jacobites in Ireland shut up and \Ireland under Protestant rule
how did WoO try to make peace with Jacobites in Ireland
Treaty of Limerick 1691 - promised concessions for Catholics, never delivered
actually established more penal codes against Catholics in Ireland
why was p open almost every year under W&M
needed p’s continuous money for European war
b/ of how bad WoO needed their money, p gave it to him but had the ability to withhold it and dictate where it was spent
what was the crown income fixed at for life by p and why
£700,000 because the king could not produce his own army or survive w/o p taxes so he could neverbecoe too independant
First P 1690-95 - what was the Act of Grace
1960 - passed to pardon the majority for their actions (supporting James ii) before the GR since their actions led to W&M being in power
First P 1690-95 - what was the Commission of Public Accounts
1690 - members chose by p to review state finance, attected govt for wasting money on war and where to better put the money etc
First P 1690-95 - how successful was the Commission of Public Accounts
VERY sucessful, allowed p a way to call out govt finance and limited the crowns finacial control significantly and WoO wasn’t too mad at it
First P 1690-95 - how much did Danby and Nottingham get p to grant WoO for the war 1691
$4,600,000 and granted b/ of fear of the war
First P 1690-95 - what was the Treason Trial Bill and the Judges’ Bill
Tories and Whigs teamed up for these, aimed to limit monarch’s prerogative in legal matters
First P 1690-95 - how successful were the Treason Trial Bill and the Judges’ Bill
failure, either voted out by Lords or vetoed by WoO
First P 1690-95 - what was P’s main criticism to W&M at the time
thought the war was too costly and not conducted very well
First P 1690-95 -what was the blue water strategy
cheaper, naval-based campaign against France
pushed for by critics from p
First P 1690-95 - what was WoO’s response to criticism from p of the war
appointed new new ministers that agreed with the war,
showed he still has power as a monarch
First P 1690-95 - how was there a re-emergence of ‘Country’ position
Whigs and Tories fell more in line with old country tactics, such as Blue-water strategy
saw the re-emergence of the Earl of Sunderland (leading supporter of James ii during succession crisis became a scapegoat for Charles ii) as an adviser
First P 1690-95 -who were some influencial cabinet ministers
Shrewbury - secretary of state, ex catholic, immortal seven
admiral Russel
Montagu - Exchequer, very good at securing WoO money
some other Junto Whigs
First P 1690-95 - how did Mary’s death impact p
december 1694 - made Tories who only supported WoO as a co monarch to Mary were annoyed and felt they could now openly criticise the crown and notably Danby, WoO’s key adviser
First P 1690-95 - what did the Tories do to Danby and what was WoO’s reaction
tried to impeach him
WoO dissolved p showing he still did have influence and power and prerogative
Second P 1695-98 - what did the country opposition focus on
escalation of England’s role in European war
influence of dutch advisers
increasing land tax to fund war
the bank of England
fear over influences of the ‘monied’ men
Second P 1695-98 - how did the assassination attempt of 1696 help the Whigs
got to replace all the Tories who refused to sign the oath of allegiance
Third P 1698-1700 - how strong was the new country party
very strong, managed to get the Disbanding Bill passed 1699 to reduce the army to 7000
Third P 1698-1700 - what was the place bill
designed to exclude thousands of crown office holders from P
a way p were able to pressure on WoO
Third P 1698-1700 - why was the p prorogued
WoO was annoyed at p saying to remove his dutch advisers
why was fear of Catholicism rising in 1701
James ii had a 13 year old Catholic son that was strongly supported in Ireland and parts of Scotland
when and why was there a formal Union between Scotland and England
1707 - because, in 1702, there was a massive collapse in a Scottish colony that had a massive impact on Scottish finances
how had the army and navy changed throughout W&M’s reign
massive expansion
10,000 1689 troops to 93,000 1702
how had the balance of power between crown and state changed throughout W&M’s reign
crown finances were greatly changed by financial revolution/ bank of England and ‘monied’ men
more power to the state
how had the relationship with Ireland changed throughout W&M’s reign
the conversion to Protestantism was made more systematic rather than personal
Jacobite rebellions had been squashed but were evidence of anger
how had the religious issues changed throughout W&M’s reign
CofE broader in practise
decrease in influence of Catholics
less religious persecution of dissenters
how had the relationship with Scotland changed throughout W&M’s reign
Scotland was helped when going through economic hardships
some Jacobite uprising in the Highlands
how did p successfully raise money for the war
land tax 1693, raised £43m
introduced window tax
how much power did P have over crown finances with W&M than they did with KCI
p provided 24% of national revenues (crown purse) 1626-1640
p provided 97% of national revenues 1689-1714
why did the PN feel uneasy and divided in 1701
worried about
the renewals of war
succession after WoO
state of the Church
Whig and Tory rivalry after Mary’s death
what was the change in hierarchy like due to ‘monied’ men
land as now seen as less attractive cause you had to pay a bunch of taxes etc on it
new people broke into the ruling class properly
land was not the sole source of political power
land was still the main determiner of social status but that now wasn’t the only thing that gave you political power any more
how had the CofE changed changed by 1702
Anglican clergymen who had dominated since 1660 had lost their influence
lost influenced because they refused to support revolution and were removed
WoO' placed in a lot of Latitudinarians who dominated
tolerance was more wide spread
clergy didn’t have the legal power to suppress dissent anymore
why had non-conformity in the CofE spread more by 1702
influenced by the Dutch
religious tolerance, even if informal, was better for political stability
focus of persecution remained on Catholics
what were views of Catholicism like by 1702
English Catholicism was very anti-Catholic
majority of Ireland was Catholic
powerful Catholic France threatened England
overt persecution of politically passive Catholics has lessend a lot by 1702
how strong were catholics in Ireland
only made up 20% of population but owned 86% of land
all Irish P MPs had to take oath denying key Catholic beliefs and that Pope was more powerful than the monarch
Irish p passed many anti-Catholic laws like no carrying of weapons and anyone who married a Catholic was considered a Catholic by law (Marriage Act of 1697)
how had views on P changed by 1702
was seen as an institution rather than just an event as this had allowed WoO to get the money he wanted for war
what was the nine years’ war
1689 - engand dragged into war with france, cost £36m
what was 1693 land tax
p raised £43m
what happened in 1695 to the Licensing act
it expired and saw an increase in publishes from dissenters. Tories coined slogan ‘Church in danger’. Attempts to prevent dissenters rising to positions of power were stopped in Parl by the Whig Latitudinarian.
what was the 1696 oath of association
introduced after a Jacobite plot. Demanded all accept Will & Mary as ‘rightful and lawful’ – many Tories questioned this DroK. 20 Lords and 90 MPs refused the oath. Allowed Whigs to replace them.
what was the civil list
1698 – Establishment of the Civil List. W granted £700,000 a year at the taxpayers expense.
what was the Act of Abjuration
1702 – demanded all office holders, MP, clergy, teachers and lawyers to denounce James II’s son’s claim to the throne.
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