10. crown under W&M

who was the Whig Junto

group of Whig moderates who influenced P acts in the late 1693-1701

why did the Junto form

originally made in 1693 to help W&M war efforts in France

what was different about the Triennal Act of 1694

a NEW p had to be held ever 3 years which meant that elections must be held more frequently

after the Triennial Act, which group became dominant in p and privy council

the Whigs because they were popular in elections

what was discovered in 1696 that strengthened Whig support

plot to assassinate WoO

when and how did the Whig Junto begin to collapse

1699 Disbanding Bill - opposition kept passing bills to restrict the size of WoO’s standing army to eventually only 7,000

many members of Junto either resigned or promoted elsewhere

Treaty of Ryswick ended European war and therefore their keyhold over WoO

how did p control crown finances even further in 1699

passed a bill that forbade WoO from giving any confiscated Irish land as grants to privy council members illegal

why did p pass this finance law in 1699

WoO was found giving excessive grants to courtiers

what was the outcome of the 1701 elections

Tories grew in support and began to impeach leading Junto members, but they were acquitted

what were the three main reasons for increased division between the parties after 1689

1. p help more regularly - more cooperation from MPs

2. more frequent General Elections - had to organise to win votes

3. increased franchise - vote extended to more men sp they had to reflect broader interests

how did Whigs feel about succession and deciding who got to be king

they believed it was more of a contract between crown and subjects and could be removed if contract (constitution) was broken

how did Tories feel about succession and deciding who got to be king

believed in divine right and that subjects were to be passive and obedient to their monarch

how did Whigs feel about the war against France

fully supported W&M and trusted them to do what they kind of wanted

how did Tories feel about the war against France

supported LIMITED naval war against France

how did Whigs feel about religious toleration in 1689

wanted 1689 Toleration Act to include greater toleration of dissenters

how did Tories feel about religious toleration in 1689

wanted to defence CofE and prevent any further toleration

what was the oath of association

1696 - required all office holders to acknowledge W&M as the rightful monarchs

why was the 1696 oath of association introduced

there was a Jacobite plot to assassinate WoO

why were there divide over the oath of association

many Tories did'n’t want to sign it because they believed it overrides divine right

20 Tory lords and 90 MPs refused to take the oath

how did WoO feel about the Whigs 1690-96

he understood that they had allowed him to become king, however, he believed their ultimate goal was to remove his prerogative which he did not like

how did WoO feel about the Tories 1690-96

he was unconvinced of their loyalty to him, but wanted to appease them to allow him to implement change to the religious settlement

what was the Treaty of Ryswich

1697 - temporary end to the war against France

what was the Tory response to the Treaty of Ryswich

wanted to stop giving W&M tax money for the war

formed alliance with ‘anti-administration’ Whigs (anti-Junto) to gain seats in 1698 election

caused W&M to appoint more Tories to P

what was the result of more Tories being in power in 1697

• cut in land tax

• reduction in army size

• removal of WoO’s Dutch guards

• attempted impeachment of leading Junto Whigs

  • 1701 Act of Settlement

what was the 1701 act of settlement

• excluded Catholics from the throne

• any non-English monarch had to have the consent of p to declare (non-civil) war - to prevent England becoming involved in Hanoverian conflicts

• no secret advisers, only privy council

• crown’s pardon couldn’t stop p impeaching people (so WoO couldn’t stop p impeaching Junto Whigs)

• no one receiving a pension from the crown could be an MP

• only p could remove judges

who was Bentinck, Duke of Portland

WoO’s secret advisor that caused the ban in the act of settlement

how did the financial revolution personally help the Whigs over the Tories

investors, normally Whigs, got lots of money from the loans because of interest, so gained lots on influence

govt officals asked for Whig help with FoPo so they also had say over that unlike Tories

Tories were rich from land and had to pay land tax so they had less money

what type of protestant was WoO

Calvinist and latitudinarian

how did WoO change the CofE

appointed more latitudinarian bishops

helped soften CofE to moderate dissenters

who was John Tillotson

latitudinarian ABoC 1691

how did the PN restict WoO’s relgious settlement

Tories didn’t want change

kept centred on narrow Anglican position that keep it less tolerant than WoO would have liked

what religious law did W&M want tot repel

Test Acts (restictied Catholics and dissenters from taking public office

what relgious law was passed 1689

the Toleration Act - exempted dissenters from penal laws if they took oath of allegiance and declared against transubstantiation

no toleration for Catholics

dissenters still barred from public office

what freedoms did the Toleration Act 1689 allow dissenters

right to worship at home and have meetings with others if their home was licensed and they kept the doors open

900 meeting house licences were issued

allowed to publish pamphlets when Licensing Act was not renewed (as per rules of TA) in 1695

what was the opinion of the Toleration Act 1689 in PN

WoO - not tolerant enough

Whigs - as least tolerant as they were willing to be

Tories (and clergy) - as tolerant as they were willing to be

what happened to dissenter groups after the Toleration Act 1689

grew in popularity, especially Quakers, upset Tories

why were Tories so scarred of the growth of dissenters

• dissenters were often ‘monied’ men who had wealth from lending money and threatened the structure of class

• believed they would destroy CofE b/ prejudice

• pumped out a lot of pamphlets, thought they were growing more than they were

• any complaints in p were dismissed by latitudinarians MPs and Lords

why did the Pn grow to not be so scared of Catholics under W&M

• Act of Settlement 1701/ W&M being Protestant

• war against France, stopping growth of French Empire in Western Europe

• Battle of the Boyne 1690 - Jacobites in Ireland shut up and \Ireland under Protestant rule

how did WoO try to make peace with Jacobites in Ireland

Treaty of Limerick 1691 - promised concessions for Catholics, never delivered

actually established more penal codes against Catholics in Ireland

why was p open almost every year under W&M

needed p’s continuous money for European war

b/ of how bad WoO needed their money, p gave it to him but had the ability to withhold it and dictate where it was spent

what was the crown income fixed at for life by p and why

£700,000 because the king could not produce his own army or survive w/o p taxes so he could neverbecoe too independant

First P 1690-95 - what was the Act of Grace

1960 - passed to pardon the majority for their actions (supporting James ii) before the GR since their actions led to W&M being in power

First P 1690-95 - what was the Commission of Public Accounts

1690 - members chose by p to review state finance, attected govt for wasting money on war and where to better put the money etc

First P 1690-95 - how successful was the Commission of Public Accounts

VERY sucessful, allowed p a way to call out govt finance and limited the crowns finacial control significantly and WoO wasn’t too mad at it

First P 1690-95 - how much did Danby and Nottingham get p to grant WoO for the war 1691

$4,600,000 and granted b/ of fear of the war

First P 1690-95 - what was the Treason Trial Bill and the Judges’ Bill

Tories and Whigs teamed up for these, aimed to limit monarch’s prerogative in legal matters

First P 1690-95 - how successful were the Treason Trial Bill and the Judges’ Bill

failure, either voted out by Lords or vetoed by WoO

First P 1690-95 - what was P’s main criticism to W&M at the time

thought the war was too costly and not conducted very well

First P 1690-95 -what was the blue water strategy

cheaper, naval-based campaign against France

pushed for by critics from p

First P 1690-95 - what was WoO’s response to criticism from p of the war

appointed new new ministers that agreed with the war,

showed he still has power as a monarch

First P 1690-95 - how was there a re-emergence of ‘Country’ position

Whigs and Tories fell more in line with old country tactics, such as Blue-water strategy

saw the re-emergence of the Earl of Sunderland (leading supporter of James ii during succession crisis became a scapegoat for Charles ii) as an adviser

First P 1690-95 -who were some influencial cabinet ministers

• Shrewbury - secretary of state, ex catholic, immortal seven

• admiral Russel

• Montagu - Exchequer, very good at securing WoO money

  • some other Junto Whigs

First P 1690-95 - how did Mary’s death impact p

december 1694 - made Tories who only supported WoO as a co monarch to Mary were annoyed and felt they could now openly criticise the crown and notably Danby, WoO’s key adviser

First P 1690-95 - what did the Tories do to Danby and what was WoO’s reaction

tried to impeach him

WoO dissolved p showing he still did have influence and power and prerogative

Second P 1695-98 - what did the country opposition focus on

• escalation of England’s role in European war

• influence of dutch advisers

• increasing land tax to fund war

• the bank of England

• fear over influences of the ‘monied’ men

Second P 1695-98 - how did the assassination attempt of 1696 help the Whigs

got to replace all the Tories who refused to sign the oath of allegiance

Third P 1698-1700 - how strong was the new country party

very strong, managed to get the Disbanding Bill passed 1699 to reduce the army to 7000

Third P 1698-1700 - what was the place bill

designed to exclude thousands of crown office holders from P

a way p were able to pressure on WoO

Third P 1698-1700 - why was the p prorogued

WoO was annoyed at p saying to remove his dutch advisers

why was fear of Catholicism rising in 1701

James ii had a 13 year old Catholic son that was strongly supported in Ireland and parts of Scotland

when and why was there a formal Union between Scotland and England

1707 - because, in 1702, there was a massive collapse in a Scottish colony that had a massive impact on Scottish finances

how had the army and navy changed throughout W&M’s reign

massive expansion

10,000 1689 troops to 93,000 1702

how had the balance of power between crown and state changed throughout W&M’s reign

crown finances were greatly changed by financial revolution/ bank of England and ‘monied’ men

more power to the state

how had the relationship with Ireland changed throughout W&M’s reign

• the conversion to Protestantism was made more systematic rather than personal

• Jacobite rebellions had been squashed but were evidence of anger

how had the religious issues changed throughout W&M’s reign

• CofE broader in practise

• decrease in influence of Catholics

• less religious persecution of dissenters

how had the relationship with Scotland changed throughout W&M’s reign

• Scotland was helped when going through economic hardships

• some Jacobite uprising in the Highlands

how did p successfully raise money for the war

land tax 1693, raised £43m

introduced window tax

how much power did P have over crown finances with W&M than they did with KCI

p provided 24% of national revenues (crown purse) 1626-1640

p provided 97% of national revenues 1689-1714

why did the PN feel uneasy and divided in 1701

worried about

• the renewals of war

• succession after WoO

• state of the Church

  • Whig and Tory rivalry after Mary’s death

what was the change in hierarchy like due to ‘monied’ men

• land as now seen as less attractive cause you had to pay a bunch of taxes etc on it

• new people broke into the ruling class properly

• land was not the sole source of political power

  • land was still the main determiner of social status but that now wasn’t the only thing that gave you political power any more

how had the CofE changed changed by 1702

• Anglican clergymen who had dominated since 1660 had lost their influence

• lost influenced because they refused to support revolution and were removed

• WoO' placed in a lot of Latitudinarians who dominated

• tolerance was more wide spread

• clergy didn’t have the legal power to suppress dissent anymore

why had non-conformity in the CofE spread more by 1702

• influenced by the Dutch

• religious tolerance, even if informal, was better for political stability

  • focus of persecution remained on Catholics

what were views of Catholicism like by 1702

• English Catholicism was very anti-Catholic

• majority of Ireland was Catholic

• powerful Catholic France threatened England

  • overt persecution of politically passive Catholics has lessend a lot by 1702

how strong were catholics in Ireland

• only made up 20% of population but owned 86% of land

• all Irish P MPs had to take oath denying key Catholic beliefs and that Pope was more powerful than the monarch

• Irish p passed many anti-Catholic laws like no carrying of weapons and anyone who married a Catholic was considered a Catholic by law (Marriage Act of 1697)

how had views on P changed by 1702

was seen as an institution rather than just an event as this had allowed WoO to get the money he wanted for war

what was the nine years’ war

1689 - engand dragged into war with france, cost £36m

what was 1693 land tax

p raised £43m

what happened in 1695 to the Licensing act

it expired and saw an increase in publishes from dissenters. Tories coined slogan ‘Church in danger’. Attempts to prevent dissenters rising to positions of power were stopped in Parl by the Whig Latitudinarian.

what was the 1696 oath of association

introduced after a Jacobite plot. Demanded all accept Will & Mary as ‘rightful and lawful’ – many Tories questioned this DroK. 20 Lords and 90 MPs refused the oath. Allowed Whigs to replace them.

what was the civil list

1698 – Establishment of the Civil List. W granted £700,000 a year at the taxpayers expense.

what was the Act of Abjuration

1702 – demanded all office holders, MP, clergy, teachers and lawyers to denounce James II’s son’s claim to the throne.