Anatomy and Physiology Spring 200 Final Review

Comprehensive practice questions covering the Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, and Cardiovascular systems based on the Spring 200 Final Review Outline.

How many multiple choice questions are on the Day 1 written final, and how is it split?

The final consists of $100$ multiple choice questions, with $40-50$ covering important and root terms and $50-60$ covering general knowledge from notes.

According to the Chapter 5 outline, how many functions of the bones are there?

$5$ functions.

What are the two criteria for the classification of bones?

Types and shapes.

In bone markings, what is the difference between a projection and a depression?

A projection is an outward growth or part that sticks out, whereas a depression is a hollow or lowered area.

What are the five structural components to know for a long bone?

Diaphysis, epiphysis, periosteum, articular cartilage, and epiphysial plate.

Which two features are identified under the microscopic anatomy of the skeletal system?

Haversian system and Osteocyte.

What components are listed as part of the axial skeleton?

Major bones of the skull, fontanels, and the types and structure of vertebrae.

What components are categorized under the appendicular skeleton in this review?

Stermun, ribs, shoulder and pelvic girdles, and limbs.

What are the three muscle types discussed in Chapter 6?

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.

How many functions are associated with the muscular system in the review?

$4$ functions.

What concepts are included in the microscopic anatomy of muscles?

Myosin fibers, actin fibers, and sliding filament theory.

What are the three types of muscle contraction responses described as a whole?

Tetanus, Twitch, and Graded responses.

What are the three sources of energy for muscle contraction?

Direct phosphorilation, aerobic, and anaerobic.

What are the two types of muscle contractions based on tension and length?

Isotonic and isometric.

What examples of muscle movements are listed in the outline?

Flexion, extension, and adduction.

What are the two ways the nervous system is organized?

Structural and functional.

How are neurons and neuroglia distinguished by function?

This involves identifying the specific function of neurons compared to the supportive role of neuroglia.

How are gray matter and white matter defined in the nervous system?

Gray matter consists of unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies, while white matter consists of dense collections of myelinated fibers.

In the context of neurons, what do irritability and conductivity describe?

Irritability is the ability to respond to a stimulus, and conductivity is the ability to transmit an impulse.

What are the four major regions of the central nervous system (CNS) hemispheres and brain?

Regions of cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum.

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

Cerebrospinal fluid provides a cushion for the brain and spinal cord and aids in the exchange of nutrients and waste.

How many plexuses are named in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) section?

$4$ plexus.

What are the two main circuits of blood flow in the cardiovascular system?

Pulmonary and systemic circuits.

What terms define the contraction and relaxation phases of the heart, as well as its volume and cycle?

Systole (contraction), Diastole (relaxation), Stroke volume, and Cardiac cycle.