History STARR Review

Judicial Activism

practice where courts intervene in public policy to uphold notions of justice and not defer to the legislative branch.

Judicial Restraint

The principle of deferring to the legislative branch to make decisions unless they are blatantly unconstitutional.

Brown v. Board of Education

case that ruled racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional

14th Amendment

grants all citizens equal protection under the law

Mapp v. Ohio

established the 'exclusionary rule,' making illegally obtained evidence inadmissible in court.

Exclusionary Rule

legal principle that prohibits the use of evidence obtained in violation of a defendant's constitutional rights.

Gideon v. Wainwright

requires the state to provide an attorney to defendants who cannot afford one.

Escobedo Rule

individuals have the right to counsel during police interrogation when it begins to focus on them.

Escobedo v. Illinois

established Escobedo rule

Miranda Rights

Rights that must be read to a suspect upon arrest, informing them of their rights to remain silent and to have an attorney.

Engle v. Vitale

case that ruled school-sponsored prayer unconstitutional under the Establishment Clause of the 1st Amendment.

Abington School District v. Schempp

deemed religious instruction in public schools a violation of the 1st Amendment.

Tinker v. Des Moines

ruled students do not lose their constitutional rights to free speech while at school.

Missouri Compromise

Missouri is slave state, Maine is slave state, 30-36 degree latitude

Compromise of 1850

California is free state and Utah/New Mexico have popular sovereignty, TX guides territory to Mexico for $10 million, Fugitive Slave Law, Abolition of slave trade in D.C

Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

Popular sovereignty determines slavery status in states and repealed the Missouri Compromise

Westward Expansion Motivations

Gov.-territorial control

Eco.-increased agriculture/trade

Social-Migration/assimilation

Tech.-create tech to grow crops/transport goods

Human Environment Interaction-taming the frontier

Culture-Manifest Destiny

Homestead Act of 1862

Created farms and gave 160 acres to families

Morill Land Grant

Sold land to build universities (TX A&M)

Pacific Railway Act

Land given to Trans-Continental Rail Companies to build/sell spare land for railway

End of Civil War

A lot of immigrants, cities are overpopulated/dirty/problematic, free slaves are looking to leave south

Exodusters

Freed slaves looking to leave the South

Nativism

Anti-immigration, pro-natural born Americans (WASP)

East Coast Immigrants

Irish/German

West Coast Immigrants

Asian/Chinese

Xenophobia

Fear of foreign culture

Chinese Exclusion Act

Limited Asian immigration

Frontier

Untamed land

Innovations of the West

Steel plow, telegraph, Morse code, barbed wire, railroad

Agrarian Political Movement

West is not connected to north/South because they have diff. Problems and farmers felt like they were disenfranchised by wealthy businessmen and Scarecroppers/Crop Lien System had debt issues which pushed them to fight back politically

Indian Appropriation Act Of 1851

Creation of reservation system

Indian Appropriation Act of 1871

declared indigenous people no longer member of U.S and treaties with natives are void

Dawes Act

breaks reservations into acres and divides it into land allotments for individual natives and encouraged them to start agriculture and assimilate

Major Problems with Natives

gold found in Black Hills (Sioux ancestral land) and we wanted land because of gold, settlers moved on Native land, hunters over hunting Buffalo, ambush/raids in American forts/homes

1st Sioux War

fought over ancestral land in Dakota territories

Red River War

Apache and allies led by Geronimo in Noth, TX

1876 Little Bighorn/Custards Last Stand

group of Plains Indians ambushed 7th Calvary (Lakota, Cheyenne, Sioux)

Nez Perce

Chief Joseph tried to flee reservation to Canada

Sand Creek Massacre

Colorado militia kills 600+ Cheyenne

Wounded Knee Massacre

result of Ghost Dance Movement, U.S Calvary killed 100+, and one of last events in INdian War Era

Government Policies to Assimilate Natives

Buffalo Slaughter to end nomadic lifestyle, Carlisle Indian School to be educated (forced assimilation), banning language/culture/religion in reservations/schools, forced conversion to Christianity, and Dawes Act

Ghost Dance

led by prophet Wovoka, attempt to peacefully resist assimilation

Buffalo Soldiers

African America military units hired to protect soldiers, railroad, and U.S Mail, respected and named by Plains Indians because of bravery in battle , served in wars until desegregation

Gilded

thin layer, not solid

Economics of Gilded Age

business is booming, no protections for workers, child labor, unsafe conditions, 16 hr days

Workers of Gilded Age

migrants came to U.S providing low skill workers and low wages, families needed kids to work to increase income, horrible conditions/wages/hours

Tenement/Slums

small apartment

Company Towns

towns owned by company so workers rented, bought groceries, etc from same company

Monopoly

one company controls

Trust

buying stock of company

Andrew Carnegie

steel industry

John Rockefeller

Oil Industry

JP Morgan

Banking

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Rail/Shipping

Robber Baron

companies are stealing from workers

Captian of Industry

companies are giving people things they want/need (Positive)

Philanthropy

give away wealth (donations, building things, etc)

Gospel of Wealth

Carnegie wrote article, calling on wealthy to invest in improving society

Laizzez Faire

no government involvement

Political Machine

wealthy people control politics

Example of Political Machine

Tammany Hall with Boss Tweed in New York

Tariff

protect American business and kept people buying locally

Subsidy

government payment to industry

2 Types of Monopolies

Vertical and Horazontial Integration

Vertical Integration

one company owns all parts of production

Horizontal Integration

one person owns all of one step in production

Sherman Antitrust Act

1st major legislation passed to address oppressive business practices associated with trusts/oppressive monopolies

Interstate Commerce Act

made railroads the 1st industry subject to federal regulation and was in response to decades of public demand that railroad operations could be regulated

Assassination of James Garfield

assassin felt he was owed a posting as a diplomat for his support

Pendleton Civil Service

ends spoils system, mandates that most positions in federal government should be amended on merit and not connections

Bessemer Process

helps mass produce steel

Steel Plow (West)

roots are dense/thick , so steel plow helps cut through roots

Ghetto

ethnic enclaves (Chinatown)

Skyscrapers

steel and elevators make sky scrapers possible

Collective Bargaining

labor unions

Scab

temporary workers to replace strikers

Lockout

company halts production and lays off employees to stop potential problems

Strike Demands

8-hour workday better pay, better working conditions, no child labor

Knights of Labor

Haymarket Riot led to their downfall, and members were skilled and unskilled workers , women, African Americans

American Federation of Labor

founded after Haymarket Riot, members are skilled, white, American workers

Social Gospel

sought to apple Christian ethics to social/economic issures

What did Social Gospel emphasize?

need for social justice and addressing inequalities/challenges brought by industrialization/urbanization

Social Justice

concerned with issues of poverty, inequality, labor conditions, and social injustice

Christian Ethics in Social Change

Christian principle should be applied to transform society and alleviate suffering for poor

Community Service

social gospel proponents actively engaged in charitable work

Example of Community Service

Hull House (Jane Addams) gave assistance to poor

Political Activism

advocating for legislative changes to address social issues and movements for labor rights, women’s suffrage, and other progressive causes

Social Darwinism

survival of the fittest

Characteristics of Social Darwinism

survival of fittest, and laissez Faire Capitalism

How does Social Darwinism justify inequalities?

suggests that wealthy were more capable and fit for success and their accumulation of wealth was natural outcome. Rich said to poor to “Work Harder”

McCormick Reaper

helped farmers harvest and reap crops

Sod House

house made of roots from Plains

Homestead Strike Labor Union

long one

Homestead Strike Company

Carnegie Steel

Homestead Strike Cause

low pay

Homestead Strike Demands

right to organize and deal collectively with their employers and higher wages

Homestead Strike Events

went on boat, shot strikers, and people died till state militia stopped strike

Pullman Strike Union

The American Railway Union

Pullman Strike Company Name

Pullman Palace Car Company

Pullman Strike Cause

Reduction in pay