Drugs for Allergic Rhinitis and the Common Cold (1)

Respiratory System

Composed of upper airways (sinuses, nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx) and lower airways (lungs).

Sympathetic Stimulation

Causes vasoconstriction in the nose allowing more air to enter.

Parasympathetic Stimulation

Causes vasodilation which increases mucous production.

Mucous

Contains immunoglobulins and defense cells, useful in the respiratory system.

Mast Cells

Contain histamine; play a role in allergic reactions.

Allergic Rhinitis Symptoms

Include sneezing, itching, watery eyes/nose, and increased mucous production.

H1-Receptor Antagonists

Antihistamines classified by generation, used for acute symptoms and prevention.

First-Generation Antihistamines

Include diphenhydramine and chlorpheniramine; known for sedation.

Second-Generation Antihistamines

Include cetirizine and loratadine; generally non-sedating.

Mast Cell Stabilizers

Drugs like cromolyn that prevent mast cell degranulation.

Leukotriene Inhibitors

Drugs such as montelukast that prevent leukotriene production.

Intranasal Corticosteroids

Medications like fluticasone used for maintenance and prophylaxis in allergic rhinitis.

Nasal Decongestants

Sympathomimetic drugs used to relieve nasal congestion.

Opioid Cough Medications

Include codeine and hydrocodone; can cause sedation.

Expectorants

Medication like guaifenesin that help clear mucus from the airways.

Mucolytics

Drugs such as acetylcysteine that thin mucus but are not routinely used.

Anticholinergics

Muscarinic antagonists that inhibit mucous secretions.

Common Allergens

Include pollens, animal dander, molds, dust mites, and certain foods.

Serious Adverse Events

Severe complications that may arise from drug use, like bronchospasm or hypersensitivity.

Beer’s List

A list of medications that may be inappropriate for elderly patients, including first-generation antihistamines.

Cough Suppressants

Useful for managing nagging, dry coughs associated with colds and allergies.