block 4

ventricles of the brain are lined by

epdendymal cells

the lateral venticle is connected to the 3rd ventircle by the

interventricular foramen

the 3rd ventircle connected to the 4th ventricle via

cerebral aqueduct

inferior to premotor area, damage causes expressive aphasia

brocas area

Damage to what area causes aphasia (cant understand properly) (world salad)

wenickes area

premotor cortex characteristics

help plan movements
controls learned repetition or patterned motor skill

voluntary eye movement responsible area

frontal eye field

lateralization def

div. of labor hemispheres

diencephalon, the 3 paired structures

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus

the bouncer of the cerebral cortex

thalmus

thalamus functions

mediates sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning and memory
sorts, edits, relays ascending input, minus reflex

epithalamus contains

pineal gland-secretes melatonin

hypothalamus characteriscs

controls autonomic nervous system
limbic systems
body temp regulation

anterior hypothalamus makes

ADH, oxytocin

posterior hypothalamus

stores the hormones

substania nigra

linked to basal nuceli→ lack of =parkinsons

midbrain: repsonbile for visual reflex

superior colliculus

midbrain:responsibile for auditory reflex

inferior coniculus

orgin of cranial nerve V,VI,VII

pons

what does the meduala onlongata contain

choroid plexus

medulla onlongata

autonomic reflex center
cardiovasulxar center
vasomotor center
respiratory center

what in the brain allows for smooth coordinates movements

cerebellum

what does the reticular formation do

keep cortex awake and alert

-filters out 99% of incing sensory info, so you can focus on the 1%

what helps the sleep cycle mediation

suprachiasmatic and pre optic nuclei

an abrupt lapse into sleep?

narcolepsy

what are orexins

wake up chemicals, destroyed by immune system

what is responsily for emotional memory

amygdala
(hippocampus)

what do basal nuclei do

relay sensory and motor input to thalamus, and premotor cortex

3 dura layers

falx cerebri
falx cerebelli
tentorium cerebelli

arachnoid villi?

prevent csf reabsorbtion, protrude into superior saggital sinus

what produces csf at a constant rate

choroid plexus

what cells use ion pumps to control and cleanse it

ependymal cells

blood brain barrier are made up

feet of astrocytes

Alzheimer characteristics

amyloid plaques
neurofibillary tangles

cushion of ft and network veins

epidural space

dorsal horns

internuerons that receive somantic and sensory input

ventral horns

some interneurons, somatic motor axons exit via ventral roots

spinal cord trauma: sensory loss

paresthesias

spinal cord trauma:flaccid paralysis

severe damange to ventral root/ventral horn cells
-impulses dont reach muscles → atrophy

spinal cord trauma:spastic paralysis

dmg. to upper motor neuron of primaru motor cortex
-stimulated by reflex activity, so muscles can be in unse

paraplegia

between t1→l1

quadriplegia

between the cervical region

spinal shock

transient period of function loss caudal to lesion

hyperalgesia

the more pain you experience, the more painful it gets overtime
-the nerve gets stronger and better at transmitting the pain

special taste cranial nerves

facial, glosspharagenal, vagus

trigeminal nerve

largest cranial nerve
V1-superior orbital fissure
V2-foramen rotundum
V3-foramen ovale

abducenes nerve

innervates lateral rectus
damange medially rotated at rest
to zanibar by motor car

anterior 2/3 of tounge

facial nerve

posterior 1/3 taste

glossopharangel

taste of back mouth nerve

vagus

cauda equina

collestion of spinal nerves
(horses tail)

cous medullaris

where the spinal cord ends

brachial plexus

remember
to
drink
cold
beer

bractical plexus important nerves

axially
musculocutaneous
median
ulnar
radiall

lumbar pleus

femoral nerve
obturtator nerve

femoral nerve

anterior thigh, knee extension

obturator nerve

innervate adductor muscles

sacral plexus

sciatic nerve
tibial
common fibular nerve

sciatic nerve

innervates hamstrings

dermatones

area of skin innervated

ans effherent pathway

pre and postgangluonic neurons

preganglonic releases

ach

postganglionic SNS releasses

NE

postganglionic PNS releases

ACH

sympathic fiber trait

short pre, long post
(for a more global effect)

parasympathic fiber trait

long pre, short pos
(more localized effect)

what is special w the adrenal medulla

some preG fibers pass directly to medulla without synapses
-this is for a quick NE response

what are cholinergic fibers

release ach

cholinergic fiber subtypes

nicotinic
muscarnic

nicotinic fibers

always stimulatory, (depolarization)

muscarinic fiber

any rest and digest

inh. some, stimulates others
depends on receptor type on target organ

what do adrenergic fibers release

NE

adrenegic fiber exception

sweating
(sympathetic response, release ACH not NE)

adrenegic fiber classes

alpha
beta
(1 heart, 2 lungs)
(lungs→bronchodilation)

what fibers emerge and synapse in the superior cervical ganglion

t1-t4

what is atropine used for

blocks muscarnic ach receptors

keeps you in a sympathetic state

what does AChE do

breaks down ACh, ensuring lack of overstimulation, sicne ACH is stimulatory

DUMBBELLS

diarrhea
urination
,iosis
bronchospasm
bradycardia
emesis
lacrimation
sweating
salivation
(all causeed by too much ach)

how to reverse AChE posioning

atropine

anti-cholergic traits

no ach is made available
hot as a hare
fast as a fiddle
dry as a bone
red as a beet
blind as a bat
mad as a hatter
full as a flask

special receptors

vision
taste
smell
hearing
equillibrium

trochlear nerve palso

superior oblique paralysis
eyeball turns up and out
trouble walking down stairs

abducens nerve palsy

paralysis of lateral rectus
cant abduct
affected eye is fully addbucted

2 outer eye layers

cornea, sclear

iris traits

colored part of the eye
contains pupil

pupil traits

middle central opening that regulates the amount of light entering the eye
^CNIII

what is responsible for close vision and bright light

sphincter pupillae (parasym)

choroid traits

supplies blood to the eveball

ciliary body traits

ring of tissue surronding lens<
cilary zonyule-holds lens in postion (smooth muscle)

what are the parsympatnhic nerves

3,7,9,10

optic disc

blin spot, where nerves leave the eye, no photoreceptors

fovea centralis

spot for perfect vision

aqueous fluid drains via

Scleral venus sinus
(buildup=glaucoma)

what layer contains the choroid, ciliary body and iris

vasuclar layer/uvea

what is myopia

nearsight

what are the two types of photoreceptors

rods
cones

rods are for

dim light, peripheral vision
(more numerous)
(takes about 30 minutes to repolarize)

cones are for

bright light, color vision

most fibres of optic tracts cont. to the

lateral geniculate boy of thalamus

fibers from thalamic neurons form optic radiation and project to

primary visual cortex in occipital lobes