5070 Unit 2

Shaping

uses differential reinforcement to produce a series of gradually changing in a response class

Three characteristics of Feedback

specific

succinct

immediate

Permanent Product

- change in the environment produced by a behavior

- something tangible and countable

- measures the effect the behavior produces

Self Management

personal application of tactics that produce a desired change in behavior

(public posting, third party accountability)

Operational Definitions

describe behavior as observable and measurable (writing out a definition clear so that anyone could follow it)

DEI (EDI)

equity, diversity and inclusivity

Reinforcer

a stimuli that increases the future frequency of the behavior that immediately precedes it (different from reward or preferred item)

Contingency contract

a mutually agreed upon document between parties describing a contingent relationship between the completion of specified behavior and access to specified reinforcers

VR Schedule of Reinforcement

a schedule of reinforcement requiring varying number of responses for reinforcement

Changing Criterion Design

an experimental design in which the baseline phase is followed by treatment phases consisting of successive and gradually changing criterion for reinforcement or punishment

Randomized Controlled Trial

participants are randomly assigned to 2 groups, one group receives specific treatment while the other receives no treatment, placebo, a sham treatment, treatment as usual or a different treatment

Self Monitoring

a procedure whereby a person systematically observes their behavior and records occurrence or non-occurrence of target behavior

TAGreach

a training protocol designed for the mainstream population

- pair auditory noise with the correct response

Intrinsic

has a natural relation to the responses that produce it

(ex. music is intrinsic reward from playing an instrument)

Extrinsic

has an arbitrary relation to the response that produces it

(ex. praise from a teacher is an extrinsic reward from answering a question)

Modeling

behavior change where leaners acquire new skills by imitating demonstrations performed by live or symbolic models

Imitation

another persons reproduction of the behavior

(model is the primary, controlling variable for imitative behavior)

Stimulus control

a situation in which frequency, latency, duration or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus

(ex. green and red card in class; when you see green you can ask a question, when you see red you cannot talk)

Personal Training uses:

- self monitoring

- goal setting

- performance feedback

- shaping

modeling

Conditioned Reinforcer

a stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer due to prior pairing with one or more reinforcers

(become a conditioned reinforcer through rapport)

Verbal Behavior

a behavior that reinforced by a listener (vocal and non-vocal)

Sexuality

influences thoughts, feeling, actions and interaction and thereby our mental and physical health

- not synonymous with sexual intercourse

- basic need and aspect of being human

Sex

- gender/biological sex, whether male, female or intersex

- physical act of sexual intercourse

Sexuality education

a lifelong process that encompasses the biological sociocultural, psychological and spiritual dimensions of sexuality

Sex education facts

- 24 states require sex ed (only 13 require it to be medically accurate)

- less than 50% of high school and 20% of middle schools

- 35 states require teaching abstinence

- 9 states require teaching consent

Sexual Health

physical, emotional, and mental and social well being related to sexuality

(not just sexual diseases)

Formal language

vagina/penis

Technical language

cervix/testicle

Cute

weenie/va-jay-jay

slang

dick

Puberty

a series of hormonally triggered physical changes (becoming capable of reproduction)

Gender diversity

the extent to which a person's gender identity, role, or expression differs from the cultural norms prescribed for people of a particular sex

Child sexual abuse

involvement of a minor child in sexual activity that violates the laws and social taboos of society

- cannot comprehend

- cannot give informed consent

- not developmentally prepared

Those with developmental disabilities' are 7x more likely to experience sexual assault

Sexual misconduct

refers to a range of unwelcome sexual or discriminitory behaviors

Risk

the probability that an outcome will negatively impact people, systems or assets

ABA can help with Sex Ed through:

- requesting

- choice making

- delay discounting

- recalling info

- social skills

- hygiene & self care

4 Basic Goals for Sexuality Education

1. provide accurate information

2. develop necessary social competencies

3. develop personal values

4. promote individual safety

Swimmers Experiment 1

- focused on attendance, tardiness and early departure

- multiple baseline design

- public posting of attendance

- reinforcement > coach and peer approval

- results: absentees (reduced 63%) late (reduced 45%), early departure (100% reduced)

Swimmers Experiment 2

- focused on work output

- reversal design

- public posting/ peer & coach reinforcement

- results: 27% increase in work output and sustained

Coaching and Football (Komaki & Barnett 1977)

- multiple baseline design

- 3 plays broken into 5 checklists with descriptions

- reinforcement > appraisal

- results: 20% increase in performance gains

Behavioral Techniques (Allison & Ayllon 1980)

- focused on error remediation

- systematic use of verbal instructions & feedback

- positive AND negative reinforcement

- result: 10x baseline performance

Gymnastics (Boyer 2009)

- gymnasts viewed expert video models followed by a replay of their own performance

- video modeling

- result: improved skill performance more quickly than regular practice and coaching

Football (Ward & Carnes 2002)

- target behavior: percent of correct occasions

- self set goals and public posting

- result: immediate increase in practice performance with generalization in gameplay

Exercise and Behavioral Contracting (Wysocki 1974)

- target behavior: increase exercise by placing point values of aerobic classes

- earned back personal items of value based on contingency contract

- result: increase in aerobic points per week 7/8 and maintained for a year

Exercise on a VR Schedule (De Luca & Holborn 1992)

- changing criterion design

- target behavior: mean-performance rate of pedaling a stationary bike

- criteria increases 15% each time to earn reinforcement

- reinforcement was preferred items

- results: rate of exercise and time pedaling increased for ALL subjects

Drug Abstinence (Roll 1996)

-randomized controlled trial

- participants in progressive group reached higher levels of abstinence than those in the control group

Increasing Physical Activity (VonWormer 2004)

- multiple baseline design

- target behavior: daily steps

- intervention: pedometer aided, self monitor and e-counseling

- result: ALL adults increased daily step totals

Smoking Abstinence (Chivers 2008)

- randomized control trial

- target behavior: control cigarette abstinence

- abstinence contingent money with lapses with a choice of smoking or money

- results: lapses had no effect on abstintee

Football (Harrison & Pyles 2013)

- multiple baseline design

- target behavior: tackling divided into 4 components

- intervention: verbal instruction and shaping through TAGteach

- results: all participants performance increased and the number in the task analysis decreased from 10 to 4

What is the definition of a traumatic brain injury (TBI)?

An acquired brain injury caused by an external force (e.g., falls, accidents, gunshot wounds).

What are the two main types of TBI?

Penetrating head injury (open) and closed head injury.

How does incidence differ from prevalence in TBI?

Incidence measures new cases (2.8 million/year in the U.S.), while prevalence counts total living with TBI-related disability (~5.3 million).Incidence refers to the rate of new cases diagnosed over a specific time period, while prevalence represents the total number of existing cases at a given time.

Which age groups have the highest rates of TBI-related hospitalization and death?

Children aged 0–4 and adults 75+.

What are the leading causes of TBI?

Falls (leading cause), motor vehicle accidents, sports injuries, and assaults.

What is diffuse axonal shearing?

Stretching and compression of brain axons at the time of injury, disrupting communication between neurons.

What is the difference between coup and contrecoup injuries?

Coup occurs at the site of impact, while contrecoup occurs on the opposite side due to brain rebound.

Name three secondary effects of TBI.

Brain swelling (edema), hematomas (blood pooling), increased intracranial pressure (ICP).These can lead to additional brain damage, further neurological deficits, and complications in recovery.

What is a subdural hematoma?

Blood pooling between the brain and its outermost covering (dura mater), often due to torn veins.

How does hypoxia worsen TBI?

Oxygen deprivation kills brain cells, exacerbating primary injury.

What are common long-term behavioral effects of severe TBI?

Impulsivity, aggression, social disinhibition, and poor motivation.

What is the "final stage" of TBI behavioral sequelae?

Increased awareness of deficits, depression, anxiety, and risk-taking behaviors.

Why might benzodiazepines (e.g., Valium) worsen TBI symptoms?

They can aggravate agitation and impair cognitive recovery.

How does TBI affect family dynamics?

Families often struggle with behavioral management, insurance/legal issues, and emotional support.

What is the Kennard Doctrine?

The theory that younger brains have greater plasticity, potentially sparing function after injury.

What is fluency training in TBI rehab?

A method combining accuracy and speed to achieve near-automatic performance of skills.

What does SAFMEDS stand for?

Say All Fast, Minute Each Day, Shuffled—a flashcard-based fluency technique.

How can ABA address hypersexuality post-TBI?

By identifying triggers, teaching alternative behaviors, and caregiver training to manage inappropriate actions.

What are the four functions of behavior in TBI interventions?

Sensory, escape, attention, tangible (SEAT).

Why is caregiver training critical in TBI rehab?

Caregivers learn to modify environments and respond consistently to reduce challenging behaviors.

How does the DSM-5 classify dementia?

As a neurocognitive disorder (NCD).

What is the key difference between geriatrics and gerontology?

Geriatrics focuses on medical care of the elderly; gerontology studies aging’s social/psychological impacts.

Name three types of dementia.

Alzheimer’s, vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia.

What brain changes occur in Alzheimer’s disease?

Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, starting in the hippocampus.

Why is vascular dementia "stepwise" in progression?

It’s caused by strokes/mini-strokes, each causing sudden decline.

What are "BPSDs" in dementia?

Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (e.g., agitation, wandering).

Why are antipsychotics risky for dementia patients?

They increase stroke risk and mortality while offering minimal benefits.

What is the NTG-EDSD?

A screening tool for early dementia detection in adults with intellectual disabilities.

How can ABA improve quality of life in dementia?

By increasing engagement in preferred activities and training caregivers to reduce triggers.

What is delirium, and how does it differ from dementia?

Sudden, reversible confusion often caused by infections/medications; dementia is progressive.

What did the Brain Injury Association of America (2024) report about TBI prevalence in the U.S.?

Over 5.3 million Americans live with permanent TBI-related disabilities (1 in 60 people).

According to the CDC (2024), what are the top 3 debilitating conditions in the U.S.?

1) Depression, 2) Acquired brain injury (TBI/stroke/epilepsy), 3) TBI alone.

What did Mayo Clinic (n.d.) report about newer Alzheimer’s drugs like Aducanumab and Lecanemab?

They target amyloid plaques but have high costs, severe side effects (e.g., brain bleeding), and limited insurance coverage.