Summer Bio Week 1

What does BIOtic mean?

It means that something is living (or was once alive), and is made up of cells.

6 Kingdoms of Life

1. Animals

2. Plants

3. Archaebacteria - “Extremophiles”

4. Eubacteria- disease causing

5. Fungi

6. Protist- unicellular

What does Abiotic mean?

It means something is not alive and never has been alive.

Abiotic Factors

1. Sunlight Energy

2. Water

3. Elements/minerals

4. Oxygen

What does ose refer to?

A sugar/carbohydrate

Unicellular Organisms

Paramecium, amoeba, yeast, bacteria

Mulicellular Organisms

Animals, plants, most fungi

True or False most fungi are unicellular organisms?

FALSE they are mostly multicellular

Eukaryotic Cell- “true” nucleus

DNA is protected, nucleus is surrounded by nuclear membrane, has organelles

Prokaryotic- “before nuclei”

DNA floats around, no nucleus, evolved 1st

What type of cells are bacteria?

Prokaryotic

What do ALL cell types have in common?

1. DNA

2. Cell membrane/plasma membrane

3. cytoplasm- Nutrients of life (Nucleic acids, carbohydrates, protein, lipids)

4. Ribosomes

What are the Nitrogen Base pairs?

Adenine--Thymine

Cytosine--Guanine

Chromosomes

thread like structures containing DNA

Genes

Chromosomes are composed of genes- sequences of DNA that code for a certain trait

Metabolism

All the reactions that take place in an organism

Exergonic Reaction

aka: Exothermic

Releases energy making its surroundings hot

Endergonic Reaction

aka: endothermic

Absorbs energy making its surroundings cold

Anabolic/Synthesis Reactions

ENDERGONIC reactions that build complex substances form simple ones

ex: Building muscle

Catabolic/Combustion Reactions

EXERGONIC reactions that break down complex substances

ex: digestion, running

Nutrition

The way organisms access food and nutrients and then break them down into fuel

Autotrophs/Producers

Through photosynthesis plants, cyanobacteria, and some protists make their own food.

Heterotroph/Consumers

Animals, fungi, and some protists and bacteria obtain their food form other things

Cellular respiration

The process that breaks down food to release energy in the form of ATP

Aerobic Respiration

requires oxygen to beak down food and make ATP

• complex organisms because it releases MAX energy

ANaerobic Respiration

no oxygen required to break down food

• Unicellular organisms because it releases little energy

What type of respiration is preformed by complex organisms?

Aerobic

What type of respiration is preformed by simple organisms?

ANaerobic

Asexual Reproduction

1 parent reproduces forming an offspring identical to the parent with the same DNA

Sexual Reproduction

2 parents reproduce forming an offspring with a combo of DNA

Can different species mate and form a fertile/viable offspring?

NO! Only organisms within the same species.

Species

2 individuals that can mate and have viable offspring

Growth

An increase in cell size or number

Development

Changes that lead to maturity

Regulation

The process that allows living things to respond to different forms of stimuli

The NERVOUS system

provides the body with info about the external environment

The ENDOCRINE system

provides the body with internal info (through hormones)

The IMMUNE system

allows the body to detect foreign invaders

Do all organisms have systems that preform regulation?

No! But all living things respond to stimuli

Homeostasis

the balance and stability that our body maintains to function properly

ex- you feel cold your body works to heat you up

Population

individuals of the same species living together that can interbreed

True of False: An individuals DNA can change

False. Changes occur with new gens

Adaptations

Inherited traits that develop overtime through natural selection. These are codes in DNA that help an organism survive and reproduce better in its environment.

“Descent with Modification”

Darwin’s idea that all organisms descended from 1 common ancestor

Natural Selection

Evolution occurs via Natural Selection- the process that explains how DNA changes overtime

What can lead to variations in population?

mutations, combinations of genes

What type of traits increase in number (in terms of individuals) overtime?

favorable traits to that environment

*Can lead to a new species

Excretion

the removal of toxic waste

ex) kidneys filter waste out of blood

Transport

movement of materials through an entire organism

Enzymes

protein catalysts that start and speed up rxn’s in every living thing

*think of a large parking lot with cars, only the key to your car will unlock it→ you need very specific enzymes

Domain- Bacteria

Eubacteria (prokaryote)

Domain- Archea

Archeabacteria (prokaryote)

Domain- Eukarya

Animal, protist, plant, fungi (Eukaryotes)

How many ancestors do species E and F share?

4

Which species is the outgroup?

E- it has the least in common with all the other species

Taxonomy

organizes biological diverse groups into categories

Binomial Nomenclature

Carl Linnaeus

1) Genus name (cap)

2) Species name (lower)

*underline this when you handwrite it

Are viruses alive?

No! They can reproduce but only inside a host using host machinery (ribosomes)

What are the shared traits between living things and viruses?

DNA/RNA (genetic material)

can evolve

can reproduce

contain enzymes and lipids

What do viruses have that living lings do not?

Protein coat

Do antibiotics work on a virus?

No they are not living livings