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Trust vs Mistrust
Infants develop basic trust if needs are met.
Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
Toddlers learn self-control or doubt abilities.
Initiative vs Guilt
Preschoolers initiate tasks or feel guilty.
Industry vs Inferiority
Children apply themselves or feel inferior.
Identity vs Role Confusion
Teenagers refine self-identity through role testing.
Intimacy vs Isolation
Young adults seek close relationships or feel isolated.
Generativity vs Stagnation
Middle-aged people contribute or feel purposeless.
Integrity vs Despair
Older adults reflect on life satisfaction or failure.
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
Framework for understanding moral reasoning stages.
Stage 1: Preconventional
Moral decisions based on punishment avoidance.
Stage 2: Preconventional
Moral decisions based on personal benefit.
Stage 3: Conventional
Moral decisions based on family and friends' approval.
Stage 4: Conventional
Moral decisions based on law and religion.
Stage 5: Postconventional
Moral decisions based on fairness and justice.
Reciprocity Principle
Decisions based on mutual benefit considerations.
Moral Conscience
Inner sense guiding moral decisions beyond law.
Social Isolation
Feeling disconnected from social relationships.
Role Testing
Experimenting with different identities during adolescence.
Basic Trust
Confidence in caregivers meeting infant needs.
Self-Control
Ability to regulate one's own behavior.
Life Reflection
Evaluating life choices in late adulthood.
Moral Reasoning
Cognitive process of determining right from wrong.
Moral decision
Choice based on ethical reasoning and consequences.
Stage 1
Obedience & Punishment Orientation; rules from authority.
Stage 2
Individualism & Exchange; self-interest and fairness.
Stage 3
Good Interpersonal Relationships; meeting societal expectations.
Stage 4
Maintaining the Social Order; obeying laws and duties.
Stage 5
Social Contract & Individual Rights; societal values and rights.
Stage 6
Universal Principles; unbiased treatment of all parties.
Preconventional Level
Morality based on external authority; under age 6.
Conventional Level
Morality based on societal expectations; ages 7-11.
Postconventional Level
Morality based on personal ethics; over age 11.
Stage 5 example
Choosing laws that benefit the community.
Stage 6 example
Decisions respecting dignity of all individuals.
Legal System
Framework of laws governing societal behavior.
Reciprocity principle
Moral decisions based on mutual exchange.
Intentions in morality
Judging actions based on the actor's motives.
Shipwreck Problem
Dilemma of saving one wealthy or ten poor.
Self-centered morality
Morality based on personal gain, not ethics.
Social order concept
Understanding morality as societal expectations.
Empathy in relationships
Understanding and sharing feelings with others.
Authority figures
Individuals whose rules dictate moral behavior.
Moral reasoning
The process of determining right from wrong.
Punishment vs. reward
Child's understanding of morality through consequences.
Complexities of morality
Challenges in understanding right and wrong.
Attendance Problem
Scenario involving ethical decision on attendance.
Heinz Problem
Moral dilemma about stealing to save a life.
Kohlberg's Stages
Framework for understanding moral development stages.
Piaget's Stages
Theory explaining children's cognitive development stages.
Sensorimotor Stage
Birth to age 2; develops object permanence.
Preoperational Stage
Ages 2 to 6; egocentric and uses animism.
Concrete Operational Stage
Ages 6 to 12; understands conservation and reversibility.
Formal Operational Stage
From age 12; capable of abstract thinking.
Object Permanence
Understanding that objects exist when unseen.
Separation Anxiety
Distress when a caregiver is absent.
Egocentrism
Inability to see perspectives other than one's own.
Animism
Belief that inanimate objects have life.
Artificialism
Belief that humans created everything in the world.
Transductive Logic
Incorrect logic linking unrelated concepts.
Inductive Logic
Drawing general conclusions from specific facts.
Deductive Logic
Deriving specific facts from general principles.
Assimilation
Integrating new information into existing schemas.
Accommodation
Creating new schemas for new information.
Moral Development
Evolution of ethical reasoning and decision-making.
Cognitive Development
Growth of thinking and understanding in children.
Reward vs. Ethics
Conflict between personal gain and moral principles.
Friendship Dilemma
Struggle between loyalty and ethical behavior.
Value of Life
Belief that all human lives hold equal worth.
Principles vs. Friendship
Conflict between moral principles and loyalty to friends.
