physical science

Melting

solid to liquid

vaporizing

liquid to gas

sublimation

solid straight to gas

condensation

gas to liquid

freezing

liquid to solid

deposition

gas straight to solid

energy

the ability to create heat or do work, which means apply a force that moves something through a distance.

In the metric system, the unit for energy is…

joule (J)

Kinetic energy

is the energy of motion. Anything that is moving has kinetic energy.

Potential energy

is stored energy. Potential energy is associated with the position or distance between objects.

Chemical energy

stored in chemical bonds

Gravitational potential energy

is the energy an object has because of its height (the ability for gravity to pull it down). For example, a skier on top of a hill has gravitational potential energy.

Elastic potential energy

is the energy stored due to elasticity. For example, a stretched spring has elastic potential energy.

Heat

the transfer of thermal energy. It occurs through three different processes: conduction, convection, and radiation.

Conduction

the transfer of thermal energy through a solid or between two materials that are touching.

Convection

the transfer of thermal energy by a moving fluid, such as air or water

Radiation

the transfer of thermal energy by an electromagnetic wave.

Magnetism

is a force due to electron motion and can be applied to magnetic materials at a distance

Electricity

is the flow of electrons (electric current) or the buildup of charge (static electricity).

inside the nucleus and cannot escape

positive protons

orbit around the outside of the atom's nucleus and can escape

negative electrons

electromagnet

created by allowing electrons to flow through wire coils

temporary magnet or permanent magnet

applies a magnetic force because most of the material's electron spins align

magnetic field

. The area of magnetic influence that surrounds a magne.

distance

is the actual length of the path traveled by the object. Distance has size but does not have direction

Displacement

is the straight-line distance and direction between two positions ("as the crow flies"). Displacement has both size and direction so its considered a vector and can be represented by an arrow.

Speed

a measure of how fast the position changes, without concern of direction. It's calculated using distance and time.

Velocity

an object's speed and direction. Because direction matters, it's considered a vector. It is calculated from displacement and time.

Acceleration

measure of how quickly something changes velocity, which means any changes to its speed or direction. This means that if an object speeds up or slows down, it has undergone an acceleration.

Gravity

is the force of masses pulling on one another

Mass

measures the amount of matter in an object. Mass is measured in grams (g) on a balance.

Weight

measures the force of gravity on an object. Weight is measured in newtons (N) or pounds (lb) on a scale.

force

an interaction of one object with another and is often described as a push or a pull.

gravitational force

all matter in the universe attracts other matter

electromagnetic force

interactions of electrically charged particles and magnetic poles

strong nuclear force

holds protons and neutrons together in the atom's nucleus

weak nuclear force

resists nuclear decays of neutrons into protons

Newton's first law, also called The Law of Inertia

states that objects resist changes in their state of motion. An object in motion will stay in motion (at constant speed), or will stay at rest, unless acted on by an unbalanced external force.

Newton's second law

states that greater masses require greater forces to achieve the same acceleration

Newton's third law

states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.