Micro Practical 1

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Last updated 9:31 PM on 6/26/26
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158 Terms

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Aseptic technique
Procedures used to prevent contamination.
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Biohazard
Material that poses a biological risk.
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Bunsen burner
Gas burner used for sterilization and heating.
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Transfer
Moving microorganisms from one location to another.
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Replicate
Repeated trial of an experiment.
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Controls
Standard used for comparison.
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Independent variable
Variable changed by the experimenter.
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Dependent variable
Variable measured during an experiment.
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Scientific method
Observation → Question → Hypothesis → Experiment → Analyze → Conclusion.
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Ubiquity
Microorganisms are found almost everywhere.
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Agar
Solid growth medium made from seaweed polysaccharides.
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Nutrient agar
General-purpose agar for bacterial growth.
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Broth
Liquid growth medium.
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Petri dish
Shallow dish used to culture microorganisms.
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Inoculating loop
Sterile wire loop used to transfer bacteria.
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Micropipette
Instrument for measuring very small liquid volumes.
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Micropipette tips
Disposable tips used with micropipettes.
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Serological pipette
Pipette used to transfer milliliter volumes.
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Weigh boat
Container used to hold materials for weighing.
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Weigh balance
Instrument used to measure mass.
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Vortex
Device used to mix liquid samples.
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Test tube
Glass tube used to hold cultures or solutions.
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Test tube rack
Holds test tubes upright.
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Staining rack
Holds slides during staining.
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Slide
Glass surface used to mount specimens.
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Bibulous paper
Absorbent paper used to blot slides.
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Immersion oil
Oil used with the 100× objective to improve image quality.
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Lens paper
Special paper for cleaning microscope lenses.
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Light microscope
Microscope that uses visible light.
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Ocular lens
Eyepiece (usually 10×).
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Objective lenses

Lenses that provide different magnifications

4x, 10x, 40x, 100x

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Scanning objective
4× objective.
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Low-power objective
10× objective.
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High-power objective
40× objective.
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Oil immersion objective
100× objective.
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Total magnification
Ocular magnification × objective magnification.
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Revolving nosepiece
Holds and rotates objective lenses.
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Arm of microscope
Supports the microscope and is used for carrying.
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Base
Bottom support of microscope.
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Stage
Platform that holds the slide.
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Condenser
Focuses light on the specimen.
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Iris diaphragm
Controls light intensity.
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Light source
Provides illumination.
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Coarse adjustment knob
Brings specimen into rough focus.
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Fine adjustment knob
Sharpens focus.
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Parfocal
Image stays nearly focused when changing objectives.
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Magnification
Enlargement of an object.
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Resolution
Ability to distinguish two close objects.
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Refraction
Bending of light.
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Domain
Highest taxonomic level.
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Kingdom
Classification below domain.
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Bacteria
Prokaryotic domain.
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Eukarya
Domain containing organisms with nuclei.
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Protista
Kingdom of mostly unicellular eukaryotes.
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Fungi
Kingdom of absorptive heterotrophs.
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Animalia
Kingdom of multicellular animals.
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Species
Most specific taxonomic classification.
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Genus
Classification above species.
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Prokaryote
Cell without a nucleus.
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Eukaryote
Cell with a nucleus.
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Nucleus
Membrane-bound organelle containing DNA.
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Coccus
Spherical bacterium.
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Bacillus
Rod-shaped bacterium.
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Spirillum
Rigid spiral-shaped bacterium.
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Spirochete
Flexible spiral bacterium.
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Vibrio
Comma-shaped bacterium.
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Cell morphology
Shape of bacterial cells.
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Colony morphology
Overall appearance of colonies.
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Colony forming unit (CFU)
One viable cell capable of forming a colony.
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Margin
Edge of a colony.
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Elevation
Side-view shape of a colony.
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Umbonate
Raised center.
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Lobate
Lobed edge.
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Irregular
Uneven colony shape.
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Punctiform
Very tiny colony.
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Staphylo-
Grape-like clusters.
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Strepto-
Chains.
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Flagella
Structures used for bacterial movement.
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Monotrichous
One flagellum.
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Amphitrichous
One flagellum at each end.
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Lophotrichous
Tuft of flagella at one end.
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Peritrichous
Flagella surrounding the cell.
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Simple stain
Colors all bacteria the same.
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Differential stain
Distinguishes different bacteria.
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Special stain
Highlights specific structures.
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Gram stain
Differentiates bacteria by cell wall composition.
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Primary stain
Crystal violet.
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Crystal violet
First dye in Gram stain.
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Mordant
Substance that fixes the stain.
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Iodine
Mordant used in Gram staining.
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Decolorizer
Alcohol/acetone removes stain from Gram-negative cells.
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Alcohol/acetone
Gram stain decolorizer.
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Counterstain
Second stain used for contrast.
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Safranin
Counterstain in Gram staining.
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Gram-positive bacteria
Purple after Gram stain.
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Gram-negative bacteria
Pink after Gram stain.
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Peptidoglycan
Thick cell wall layer in Gram-positive bacteria.
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Heat fix
Attaches bacteria to slide before staining.
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Bacterial smear
Thin bacterial sample spread on a slide.
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Capsule stain
Detects bacterial capsules.