Urinary System

Organs of the Urinary System

2 Kidneys, 2 Ureters, 1 Urinary Bladder, 1 Urethra

Functions of the Urinary System

Elimination of Waste, Maintenance of Homeostasis, Maintenance of Hydrogen Ion Concentration, Storage for Hormones

Regions of the Kidney

Renal Cortez, Renal Medulla, Renal Pelvis

Functions of the Kidney

Filtration of blood, Reabsorption of Essential Products, Secretion of Waste Products

Kidney

Reabsorption, Produces Hormones, Maintain Electrolyte Balance, Function Independently

Ureters

Filtration, Connect to Urinary Bladder

Urinary Bladder

Reabsorption, Expands and Stores Urine

Urethra

Filtration, Passageway of Urine from Urinary Bladder

Catheter

Is used when there is a loss of function in the sphincter muscles for continuous flow of urine

TRUE

Excess H ions are excreted in the urine

Normal

Alkaline Urine is considered

Alkaline

If you are a vegetarian, your urine is more likely to be

Renal Cortex

Outer region of the kidney

Renal Medulla

Inside the Cortex

Renal Pelvis

Inner Collecting Tube

Cystitis

Inflammation of the Urinary Bladder

Urethritis

Inflammation of the Urethra

Nephritis

Inflammation of the Nephron

Enteritis

Inflammation of the Intestine

Internal Poisoning

Accumulation of waste products in the body results to ____

Erythropoietin

Signals the bone marrow to produce RBC

Millions

Amount of Nephron in one kidney

Nephron

Structural and Functional Unit of the Kidneys and are responsible for the formation of urine

Glomerulus

Main filter of the blood in the kidney, encapsulated by a sac called Bowman’s capsule

Renal Tubule

the part of a nephron that leads away from a glomerulus, that is made up of a proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule, and that empties into a collecting duct

Normal pH level of blood

7\.35 - 7.45

False

Urine pH is unconditional on diet

Polyphagia

Occurs because insulin facilitates glucose uptake

Peritubular Capillaries

Arise from efferent arteriole of the glomerulus, Normal and low-pressure capillaries, Attached to a Venule, Cling close to the renal tubules, Reabsorb some substances from collecting tubes

Urinary Bladder

Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac that expands to temporarily store urine

Urethra

Thin-walled tube the carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body by peristalsis

Internal Urethral Sphincter (IV) and External Urethral Sphincter (V)

Controls the release of urine

Urethra Gender Differences

Length, Location, Function

Female Urethra

3-4cm or 1 inch long, found along the wall of the vagina, and only carries urine

Male Urethra

20cm or 8 inches long, found through the prostate and penis, and carries urine and is a passageway for sperm cells

1200mL, 25%

______ of blood that perfuses the kidneys per minute, which accounts for ____ of the cardiac output

Glomeruli, Ultrafiltrate, Bowman’s Capsule

______ receive blood through afferent arterioles, and an _____ __of__ the plasma passes through each glomerulus into the _____

Tubules, Reabsorption or Secretion

From here the filtrate is passed through the ____ & collecting ducts where *______* or ________of various substances & the concentration of urine can occur.

1-2L

Original glomerular filtrate volume of 180L in 24 hours is reduced to about ____ depending on the status of hydration

Collecting ducts, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, urethra

Urine formed in the kidneys passes from the __________ into the _______,__ ______,__ ______,__ and ______to be voided

Flow of Urine

Blood, Kidneys, Renal Arteries, Glomerulus, PCT, Descending LOH, Ascending LOH, DCT, Plasma ultrafiltrate, CRUBU

Diluted Urine Concentration

Liquid Components > Solid Components

Concentrated Urine

Solid Components > Liquid; Darker in Color, Signs of Dehydration

Physical Examination of Urine

Color, Specific Gravity, Clarity

Infection

Increase in WBC (neutrophils)

Renal Stones

Aggregation of Crystals

UTI

More common in women

Normal Urine Color

Light Yellow, Yellow, Dark Yellow, Amber

False

Color of urine always signifies normal concentration

Shake Test

Determine presence of bilirubin or protein

Yellow

Color indicator of bilirubin in shake test

White

Color indicator of protein in shake test

Straw

Medical Term for Normal Urine Color

Solid Components of Urine

RBC, WBC, Epithelial Cells

Clear

No visible particulates, transparent

Hazy

Few particulates, print easily seen through urine (present solutes)

Cloudy

Many particulates, print blurred through urine

Turbid

Print cannot be seen in urine

Milky

Many precipitate or clotted

Chyluria

Clots may form, layers may form if sufficient lymph is present after a meal

Lipiduria

Oily contaminants (paraffin endogenous lipids) floating

Specific Gravity

the density of a solution compared w/  the density of a similar volume of distilled water (1.000) at a similar temp

Specific Gravity

detect possible dehydration or abnormalities in antidiuretic hormone &  can be used to determine whether specimen concentration is adequate to ensure the accuracy of chemical tests.

Instruments used to measure specific gravity

Urinometer, Refractometer, Reagent Strip, An Automated Instrument

Odor

Seldom of clinical significance, not a part of the routine urinalysis, A noticeable physical property.

aromatic

Freshly voided urine has a faint _____ odor

standing urine 

As the specimen stands, the odor of ammonia becomes more prominent (“ammoniacal”)

Urea

The breakdown of ____ is responsible for the ammoniacal odor

30

Urine should be tested not more than ___ mins after collection

WBC

Pus cells; UTI

Ammonia

Urea + Bacteria

Microflora

Good Bacteria

Chemical Examinations of Urine

pH, Protein, Glucose

URS

Urinalysis Reagent Strips

URS Parameters

SG, pH, Protein, Glucose

Urine pH

Usually measured with a reagent test strip

methyl red, bromothymol blue

Most commonly, the double indicators ______ and _____ are used in the reagent strips to give a broad range of colors at different pH values.

daily net acid excretion

Urine pH typically is 5 as a result of ________. 

alkaline tide

An alkaline pH often is noted after meals, when an “___________” to balance gastric acid excretion increases urine pH. 

Dipstick

the normal values are approximately 0 to 8 mg/dl. 

Normal Value of Urine Protein

For a 24-hour test: less than 150 mg per 24 hours. 

Mild Proteinuria

\
(

Moderate Proteinuria

(.5-4g/day)

Severe

(>4g/day) 

Other indicators of Proteinuria

Blood diseases involving RBC Lysis, Inflammation, Cancer, Injury of Urinary Tract, Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia

Increase of BP Level during Pregnancy

Glucosuria

Glucose in Urine

False

Glucose in Urine is normal

Diabetes

Most common cause of glucosuria

Renal Glycosuria

Decrease or absence of kidney’s ability to absorb glucose

Normal blood glucose

60-110mg/dL

Conventional Blood Glucose

3\.5-5.5mmol/L

Fanconi Syndrome

Increase of glucose in the urine, not diabetes

Pus cells

WBC in urine

Microscopic Examination

Bacteria, Microorganisms, Casts, Crystals, Fat, Mucus, RBC, Renal Tubular Cells, Transitional Epithelial Cells, WBC

LPF or HPF

Reporting of cells, crystal, and other substances

Few, Moderate, Many

Reporting of epithelial cells, bacteria, crystals

LPF

Low Power Field

HPF

High Power Field

Uromodulin

Tamm-Horsfall Protein