A and P 2- exam 1 study

What structures make up the CNS and PNS?

list the two types of cells that compose nervous tissue

and Describe the general function of each cell type

List the three classes of neurons and describe the function of each

List the parts of a neuron and describe the function of each.

List the neuroglia found in the CNS and give the function of each

List the neuroglia found in the PNS and give the function of each

what causes multiple sclerosis

describe gray matter

describe white matter

Define- resting membrane potential. What is the RMP of a neuron?

List the different types of ion channels.

Define- action potential & threshold stimulus

List the characteristics of an action potential

Describe the events that occur during the depolarization phase of an action potential

Describe the events that occur during the repolarization phase of an action potential.

How is the RMP restored?

What causes hyperpolarization

define- refractory period

Describe saltatory conduction vs. continuous conduction.

What effect does the myelin sheath have on conduction?

describe a synapse

How is an electrical synapse different from a chemical synapse?

Describe the sequence of events that occur during synaptic transmission at a chemical synapse (from start to finish)

what is the importance of the following-

Calcium ions

Neurotransmitters

Receptors on post-synaptic neuron

Acetylcholinesterase and other enzyme

What happens to the neurotransmitter that is leftover in the synaptic cleft?

Describe a postsynaptic potential

Define- temporal summation and spatial summation

list the different classes of neurotransmitters and give examples of each

List the four divisions of the brain.

Which blood vessels supply the brain with blood?

Which substances can pass thru the BBB?

Describe the 3 meningeal layers

describe the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Where does CSF circulate in the brain and spinal cord?

Describe the functions of CSF

What causes- meningitis & hydrocephalus

describe the primary function of the Medulla oblongata

describe the primary function of the pons

describe the primary function of the Midbrain

Superior colliculi

Inferior colliculi

describe the primary functions of the Reticular formation & the reticular activation system

describe the primary functions of the Cerebellum

describe the primary functions of the thalamus

describe the primary function of the Hypothalamus

describe the primary function of the Limbic system

amygdale

hippocampus

describe the location of the longitudinal fissure

describe the location of the corpus callosum

describe the location of the central sulcus

What is the function of the basal ganglia (nuclei)? Are these areas gray matter or white matter?

Describe the cortical location & primary function of Primary somatosensory cortex

Describe the cortical location & primary function of Somatosensory association cortex

Describe the cortical location & primary function of Olfaction cortex

Describe the cortical location & primary function of Gustatory cortex

Describe the cortical location & primary function of Visual cortex

Describe the cortical location & primary function of Visual association cortex

Describe the cortical location & primary function of Auditory area & association area

Describe the cortical location & primary function of Visceral sensory area

Describe the cortical location & primary function of Primary motor cortex

Describe the cortical location & primary function of Premotor cortex

Describe the cortical location & primary function of Prefrontal cortex

Describe the cortical location & primary function of Frontal eye field

Describe the cortical location & primary function of Broca’s area

Associated area in right hemisphere

Describe the cortical location & primary function of Wernicke’s area

Associated area in right hemisphere

Describe the cortical location & primary function of Multimodal association area

describe Aphasia

describe Cerebral palsy – physiological effects?

describe Epilepsy

describe Concussion

describe contusion

List the functions of the spinal cord

Describe the external anatomy of the spinal cord

What type of nerve fibers are carried by the dorsal root?

What type of nerve fibers are carried by the ventral root?

Where is gray matter located within the spinal cord?

Where is white matter located within the spinal cord

In general, describe the difference between ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord?

In general, what type of information is carried by these tracts

describe poliosyelitis

describe ALS

Where would a spinal cord injury have occurred in an individual that is paraplegic or quadriplegic

Give examples of both unencapsulated & encapsulated receptors.

a. What is the function of each receptor?

b. Are receptors distributed evenly throughout the body?

c. Define adaptation of sensory receptor

What type of sensory information is transmitted by

Chemoreceptors

What type of sensory information is transmitted by

Thermoreceptors

What type of sensory information is transmitted by

Nociceptors

What type of sensory information is transmitted by

Mechanoreceptors

What type of sensory information is transmitted by

Photoreceptors

Where are receptors for pain located

What is the difference between somatic & visceral pain?

What is referred pain?

What is an analgesic? List some examples

how many spinal nerves are there

describe a spinal nerve

describe a nerve plexus

What are the overall functions of a reflex (somatic & visceral)?

Describe a reflex & list the components of a reflex arc

What is a somatic reflex?

What is a visceral reflex

List the 12 cranial nerves in order and by roman numeral

List the primary function of each cranial nerve

What would happen if the cranial nerve is damaged?

List any conditions associated with the cranial nerve