3.7 Explain the force and energy changes that occur when two atoms approach each other and form a bond. Explain why a third body (another atom or molecule) is (almost always) needed to form a stable bond. (Think back to what we learned in Chapter 1.)

What happens when two atoms approach each other?

As atoms approach, attractive forces pull them together, but repulsive forces push them apart.

What causes the attractive forces between atoms?

The electrons of one atom are attracted to the nucleus of the other atom due to electrostatic forces.

What causes the repulsive forces between atoms?

The electrons of both atoms repel each other, and their nuclei also experience repulsion due to their positive charges.

What happens to the energy as two atoms approach and form a bond?

As atoms move closer, potential energy decreases because the attractive forces become stronger, making the system more stable.

What is bonding energy?

Bonding energy is the energy released when atoms form a bond, and it results in the atoms reaching a lower energy state.

Why is a third body often needed for stable bond formation?

A third atom or molecule helps to distribute the energy released during bonding and stabilizes the system, preventing it from breaking apart.

What does the third body do in the bonding process?

The third body helps to balance the forces and energy involved in the bond, leading to a more stable bonding structure.

How does the presence of a third body contribute to bond stability?

The third body helps to release or absorb excess energy, ensuring the system stays stable at a low-energy state.

What is required for bond formation to be stable?

The atoms must release enough energy to overcome repulsive forces and reach a low-energy, stable state. A third body helps achieve this.