Contrast Prelims

Contrast Media

Used to present organs in the body which are not visualized in plain radiograph

Positive CM

High atomic number than surrounding tissues

Barium Sulfate

absorbs water, high AN, insoluble in water, cannot be absorbed in GIT, non toxic, the virtue of being relatively cheap

Barodense

powdered form with flavorizing agent

Barospace

powdered form with flavor

Barytgen

powdered and liquid form with flavor

Plain BaSO4

very unpalatable taste but its advantage lies in the fact that it adheres well on the mucosa of the organ2

Ultravist

IV administration; headache common side effect

Iopamiro

a radiopaque CM that is used to visualized blood vessels and organs

Conray

shouldn’t be used in myelography. May cause death

Pantopaque

oil based, iodine-containing CM used to outline structures during radiography or fluoroscopic examinations, such as myelograms. Used in CNS before the use of water soluble contrast agents

Hytrast

CM for bronchography

Uromiro

CM for urinary

Telepaque

from the experimental work of lewis and archer. For gallbladder imaging

Negative CM

Lower atomic number than surrounding tissue

Histamine Imbalance

Occurs when patient cannot tolerate CM

Hemodynamic

occurs upon injection

Systemic shock

sudden drop of Bp after injection of CM

Psychosomatic reaction

Mild transient effect associated with patient anxiety, fatigue, state of dehydration

Technique

Includes extravasation with burning pain, hematoma numbness, and vascular constriction

Chemotoxic

Side effects such as arrhytmias and seizures

Idiosyncratic

Caused by a speed of injection or amount of medium injected

Major reactions

Cardiac arrest, severe bronchial spasms, severe hypertension

Local reactions

Pain, burning sensation, itching, vomiting, rashes, increased salivation, increase of tears, choking

Parentheral Method

 via injection on the bloodstream

Scleral Method

One drop of CM is deposited in the inferior base of the tongue

PR: hives

Intradermal Method

One CC of CM is injected just beneath the skin

PR: irritation, swelling, forming of wheal

Oil

used in myelograms and bronchogram studies

Tablets

physical states of CM for gallbladder studies

Powder

Physical state of CM used in GIT, esophogram, barium enema, and small intestine studies

Liquid

Physical state of CM used in IVP, angiography, PTC, and others

50cc

CM for adults usually

5cc

CM for kids below 20 kg is

IV or Intra-arterial

Most common method of introducing is

Sialography

It usually involves the injection of a small amount of CM (usually water soluble iodinated media) into the salivary duct of a single gland, followed by routine x-ray projections

Radiographic examination of the salivary glands

opacify

The purpose of sialographic procedure is to _____ the salivary duct of interest and associated glandular tissue to demonstrate potential pathologic processes

Calculus

Abnormal concretion of mineral salts, often called stone.

Epiglottitis

Inflammation of the epiglottis.

Fistula

Abnormal connection between two internal organs or between an organ and the body

Salivary duct obstruction

Condition preventing the passage of the saliva through duct

Stenosis

Narrowing or contraction of a passage

Tumor

New tissue growth where cell proliferation is uncontrolled

Parotid gland

The largest of the salivary glands which consists of flattened superficial portion and wedge shaped deep portion

Stensen’s duct

other name of Parotid gland

Wharton’s duct

other name of submandibular gland

Duct of Revinus or Bartholin’s duct

other name of sublingual gland

Submandibular

Fairly large, irregular shaped glands

On each side of mandibular gland extends posteriorly from a point below the first molar almost to the angle of mandible

Sublingual glands

Smallest pair, narrow elongated in form

This glands are located on the floor of the mouth beneath the sublingual fold

sialogram

used to evaluate blockages in a salivary duct or gland

supine, msp perp., cr perp. to cassette, head 5 away from affected side, region of parotid gland and duct

describe AP sialo

supine, msp 15 towards the ir, cr. 1 point inch superior to mandibular angle, inferior margin of mandibular angle, calcific deposit in unobscured areas of parotid

describe Tangential sialo

supine, hyperextend neck, msp slighlty perp., cr perp to center of IF directed between the angle of mandible, floor of mouth with entire sublingual gland

describe Axial sialo

semiprone, cr perp to ir 1 inch superior to mandibular angle, msp parallel, three pairs of salivary gland

describe Lateral sialo

prone head rotated 10-15, cr perp to ir towards lateral of elevated mandibular ramus, msp parallel, calcific deposit or swelling of parotid gland

describe pa tangential sialo

laryngopharynx

the third portion of the pharynx

Dionosil aqueous, 8-10 mL, instilled through the nostrils

CM for naso

Valsalva Maneuver

breathing maneuver, forcefully exhaling against a closed airway or mouth/nose obstruction

supine, msp center, hyperextend neck, ioml parallel, msp perp, cr perp entering midway between andibular angle

describe smv

seated, msp parallel, IPL perp, cr 1 inch anterior to eam

describe lateral naso

Barium to water ratio (4:1), swallowed normally or with Modified Valsalva maneuver

CM for oro

supine, msp centered, extend neck, cr perp to c4

describe ap naso

lateral, msp parallel, IPL vertical/perp, extend neck, cr perp to c4

describe lateral naso

Guson

offered a practical suggestion for synchronizing the exposure with the height of the swallowing act in deglutition studies of the pharynx and superior esophagus

Gunson’s method

consists of tying a dark-colored shoestring (metal tips removed) snugly around the patient’s throat above the thyroid cartilage

Dionosil aqueous, 10-20 mL, swallowed

Cm for layngo

supine, msp center, extned neck, cr perp to c5

describe ap laryngo

administer cm, inhale deep then hold, test abduction of vocal cords

describe ap quiet laryngo

px inhale deeply then slowly phonate high/low e while exhaling, adduction of vocal cords

describe ap normal phonation laryngo

exhale completely then slowly inhale to make harsh sound, demonstrate laryngeal ventricle

describe ap inspiratory laryngo

shows closure of glotiss, test elasticity and functional integrity of glottis

describe ap valsalva laryngo

seated blow air forcefully into end of syringe then supine immediately with leg 45, test elasticity of hypopharynx and piriform

describe ap modified valsalva

AP valsalva

test the elasticity and functional integrity of the glottis

AP modified valsalva

test the elasticity of the hypopharynx and piriform

AP inspiratory phonation

demonstrate the laryngeal ventricle

AP normal phonation

tests adduction of the vocal cords

AP quiet inspiration

tests abduction of the vocal cords