LCCW Biomechanics Midterm

c. kinematic

An analysis that considers the motion of a body without taking into account the

forces that produce that motion is a ______________________study.

a. kinetic

b. dynamic

c. kinematic

d. static

d. functional spinal

Two adjacent vertebrae, the disc in between, the associated ligaments and nerve root is called a _____________unit

a. motor

b. fascial spinal

c. dynamic spinal

d. functional spinal

d. compression

A load that shortens a structure in a direction perpendicular to its cross section is called a ______________load.

a. Tension

b. shear

c. dark

d. compression

b. a force applied perpendicular to the surface of a body

A normal force is

a. is a load that remains constant with respect to time

b. a force applied perpendicular to the surface of a body

c. a pair of equal, parallel, and opposite forces acting on a body and separated by a distance from one another

d. a force applied parallel to the surface of a body

c. acceleration

Which of the following is defined as "the rate of change of velocity?"

a. translation

b. calibration

c.acceleration

d. rotation

d. strain

The change in length (or angulation) of a material in response to loading is called:

a. sprain

b. stress

c. shear

d. strain

c. yield stress

The stress at which a material begins to permanently deform (but not fail) is called the

a. linear stress

b. absolute stress

c. yield stress

d. ultimate stress

a. elasticity

The property that allows a structure to return to its original shape when a deforming load is removed is called

a. elasticity

b. plasticity

c. yield

d. fatigue

d. Ø -Rx

Intersegmental motion restriction in extension of one vertebral segment compared to the one below can be described in the orthogonal system as

a. Ø +Ry

b. -Tz

c. +Rx

d. Ø -Rx

c. a change in position with time

Motion is defined as

a. the rate of change of position of a point or body

b. the rate of change of velocity

c. a change in position with time

d. the mass of one small apple

d. -Tz, -Ry, -Rz

How would the above static listing be described using the orthogonal system?

a. -Tz, +Ry, +Rz

b. -Tz, +Ry, -Rz

c. +Tz, +Ry, -Rz

d. -Tz, -Ry, -Rz

d. +Ry

Left rotation of the head about the vertical axis (looking to the left) would be translated to the orthogonal system as

a. -Tz

b. - Ty

c. -Ry

d. +Ry

a. relaxation

The phenomenon in which the stress or force in a deformed structure decreases with time, while the deformation is held constant is called

a. relaxation

b. fatigue

c. hysteresis

d. creep

a. magnitude

A scalar quantity is a quantity that is fully described by its

a. magnitude

b. direction

c. sense

d. point of application

e. all of the above

b. velocity

Which of the following is an example of a vector quantity?

a. speed

b. velocity

c. distance

d. time

b. fatigue

The process of microstructure failure "cracks" in structures subjected to repetitive loading and unloading cycles below the yield stress is called

a. relaxation

b. fatigue

c. hysteresis

d. creep

a. clockwise rotation

+R about an axis is considered

a. clockwise rotation

b. counterclockwise rotation

c. positive linear translation

d. negative linear translation

c. translation

The motion of a body in which a straight line in the body always remains parallel to itself is called

a. angular displacement

b. tension

c. translation

d. torque

a. 3

How many degrees of freedom are present during plane motion?

a. 3

b. 4

c. 5

d. 6

b. -Tz, -Ry

The above static listing translated to the orthogonal system is

a. -Tx, +Ry

b. -Tz, -Ry

c. +Tz, +Ry

d. +Tz, -Ry

b. y axis rotation

Which of the following is considered a prominent coupled motion that occurs during lateral flexion of the cervical spine?

a. x axis rotation

b. y axis rotation

c. z axis rotation

c. neutral zone and the elastic zone

Normal physiologic range of motion is defined as the

a. neutral zone and the plastic zone

b. yield zone and the strain zone

c. neutral zone and the elastic zone

d. plastic zone and the ultimate zone

a. the range between onset of resistance and the end of normal joint movement

The neutral zone is

a. the range between onset of resistance and the end of normal joint movement

b. a range of loads in which the structure begins to permanently fail

c. where permanent energy loss occurs during movement of a joint

d. where very little resistance occurs during the beginning of joint movement

c. hysteresis

Energy loss in a material subjected to loading and unloading cycles is called

a. relaxation

b. ultimate stress

c. hysteresis

d. creep

c. positive direction along the z axis

By using the "right hand rule" to describe the three orthogonal axes of the Cartesian coordinate system, we know that the index finger points toward the

a. positive direction along the x axis

b. negative direction along the y axis

c. positive direction along the z axis

d. negative direction along the x axis

d. creep

A steady deformation over time in response to a constant load is called

a. relaxation

b. fatigue

c. hysteresis

d. creep

b. kinetic (this is involved with forces required to produce change in body motion)

An analysis of the forces required to produce right lateral flexion of the lumbar spine is a considered a ____________study.

a. static

b. kinetic

c. kinematic

d. scalar

a. sagittal

Flexion and extension of a healthy spine occur within the ________________plane.

a. sagittal

b. transverse

c. frontal

d. an action that tends to change the state of rest or motion of a body

Force is defined as

a. the rate of change of position of a point or a body

b. a change in position with time

c. angular displacement about an axis

d. an action that tends to change the state of rest or motion of a body

a. stiffness

What does the modulus of elasticity tell us about a material?

a. stiffness

b. strength

c. yield point

d. types of forces applied

b. tension stress on the convex side

A "swim noodle" subjected to bending will undergo

a. compression stress on the convex side

b. tension stress on the convex side

c. shear stress on the concave side

d. compression stress parallel to the cross section

b. creep

The gradual decrease in disc height throughout the day is an example of

a. relaxation

b. creep

c. load rate sensitivity

d. fatigue

b. a pair of equal, opposite and parallel forces separated by a distance

What is a force couple?

a. a plot of stress versus strain

b. a pair of equal, opposite and parallel forces separated by a distance

c. the stress produced when an object undergoes torsion

d. the strain produced when an object undergoes a bending moment

d. dynamic load

A load that varies with time is called a(n)

a. static load

b. ultimate load

c. yield load

d. dynamic load

b. 45 ° to the long axis of the noodle

A "swim noodle" that undergoes torsion will have normal stresses

a. lengthwise along the long axis

b. 45 ° to the long axis of the noodle

c. along the transverse plane

d. torsion does not produce normal stresses

c. the application of a force couple perpendicular to the axis of a structure

Torque is

a. the application of a force couple parallel to the axis of a structure

b. the application of a force couple 45° to the axis of a structure

c. the application of a force couple perpendicular to the axis of a structure

b. the force produced within a structure that has undergone elongating external forces

Tensile stress is

a. the force produced within a structure subjected to a load parallel to the cross-section of the structure

b. the force produced within a structure that has undergone elongating external forces

c. the change in length of a structure subjected to an external force

d. measured as a percentage

c. +Ry

A vertebral body that has rotated to the left (spinous right) is best described as

a. +Rz

b. -Ry

c. +Ry

d. +Tz

b. - Rx

The main movement of spinal extension is best described as:

a. +Ty

b. - Rx

c. +Rz

d. +Rx

a. one small apple

One Newton is approximately the weight of

a. one small apple

b. the human head

c. a monkey

d. a cherry tree

a. the study of the relationship between a force acting upon a body and the changes produced in body motion.

Kinetics is defined as

a. the study of the relationship between a force acting upon a body and the changes produced in body motion.

b. is the study of the motion of bodies without taking into account the forces that produced the motion.

c. a quantity that possesses both magnitude and direction.

d. the motion of a rigid body in which a straight line in the body always remains parallel to itself.

b. y and x

The coronal plane is created by the __________ axes.

a. z and y

b. y and x

c. x and z

d. 6

Unrestricted motion has how many degrees of freedom?

a. 3

b. 4

c. 5

d. 6

c. diameter of the force plane is bigger

It is easier to loosen a tight screw (as in less force is required) with a bigger-diameter screw driver because the

a. force plane is parallel to the axis of the screwdriver

b. diameter of the force plane is smaller

c. diameter of the force plane is bigger

d. torque produced is 45° to long axis of the screwdriver

c. load rate sensitivity

Our example of pulling Silly Putty slowly and then quickly demonstrated __________________ of a viscoelastic material.

a. relaxation

b. fatigue

c. load rate sensitivity

d. creep

b. begins with an increase in fluid pressure of the nucleus that is passed laterally to the anulus which creates tension in annular fibers

In a healthy disc, the weight transmission

a. creates a large increase in the radial expansion of annulus pulposus

b. begins with an increase in fluid pressure of the nucleus that is passed laterally to the anulus which creates tension in annular fibers

c. begins with a decrease in fluid pressure that results in the buckling of the annulus

d. usually creates a Schmorl's node in the cartilaginous endplate.

d. all of the above

In a degenerated disc, when the disc cannot attract and retain water the

a. nucleus can't build sufficient fluid pressure

b. end plates are subjected to less pressure at the center

c. loads result in buckling of the anulus

d. all of the above

b. it's porous and allows for small molecules to pass through from the vertebral body

Which of the following is a function of the cartilaginous endplate?

a. it's like a water balloon that deforms under pressure

b. it's porous and allows for small molecules to pass through from the vertebral body

c. it acts like a spacer between two vertebrae and functions to transmit loads from one vertebra to the next.

d. it is firmly attached to the epiphyseal ring by Sharpey's fibers

d. resist initially but eventually buckle

Experimental denucleated IVD's have been shown to ______________ with longitudinal loading.

a. collapse immediately

b. undergo torsion strain

c. withstand loading indefinitely

d. resist initially but eventually buckle

a. Type I

What type of collagen fibers are predominately present in the outer annulus fibrosis of the intervertebral disc?

a. Type I

b. Type II

c. Type III

d. Type IV

c. hyaluronic acid

Within the proteoglycan aggregate, which of the following acts primarily as a connecting molecule?

a. chondroitin sulfate

b. keratin sulfate

c. hyaluronic acid

d. hydroxyapatite crystals

d. tension on the anterior side, compression on the posterior side

During extension of the spine the annular fibers undergo

a. compression in every other lamellae

b. compression on the anterior side, tension on the posterior side

c. tension in every other lamellae

d. tension on the anterior side, compression on the posterior side

c. it tolerates increased pressure well

Which best describes Type II collagen?

a. its primary function is to resist tension

b. it is arranged in strong parallel fibers

c. it tolerates increased pressure well

d. it is found primarily in the anulus fibrosis

d. 70-90%

The healthy nucleus pulposus is __________ water.

a. 40-50%

b. 50-60%

c. 60-70%

d. 70-90%

a. half of the annular fibers undergo tension

During axial rotation of the IVD

a. half of the annular fibers undergo tension

b. all of the annular fibers undergo tension

c. all of the annular fibers undergo compression

d. none on the annular fibers undergo tension

d. undergo tension stresses with compressive loading

Which of the following is not a function of the spinal ligaments?

a. maintain spinal segments in correct juxtaposition

b. provide mechanoreceptor input

c. allow adequate motion between segments

d. undergo tension stresses with compressive loading

d. Type I collagen

The primary dry constituent of most spinal ligaments is

a. elastin

b. fibroblasts

c. Type II collagen

d. Type I collagen

c. elastic

Ligamentum flavum contains the highest percentage of _______________fibers in the body.

a. Type III collagen

b. Type II collagen

c. elastic

d. Type I collagen