PHMicroPara (Lecture) | Module 1: Introduction to Microbiology

Germ

Refers to a rapidly growing cell

Microorganisms

Microbes, also called?

Unaided Eye

Microorganisms are minute living things that individually are usually too small to be seen with the?

Lactobacillus casei shirota

Yakult contains?

Minoru Shirota

Lactobacillus casei shirota was discovered by? (1930s, Japan)

Bacillus clausii

Erceflora/Novaflora/Medigut contains?

Lactobacillus bulgaris, and Streptococcus thermophilus

Yogurt contains?

Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium

Protein Rich Yogurts

Lactobacillus lactis

Cheese contains?

Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Saccharomyces pastorianus

Beer contains?

Pathogens, and Nonpathogens

Microorganisms: Some are friends, others are foe

Microorganisms

Decompose organic waste

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Baker’s Yeast is also known as? (used to make ETHYL ALCOHOL)

Ethyl Alcohol

Baker’s yeast or Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used for?

Clostridium acetobutylicum

Acetone is made from?

Acetone

Clostridium acetobutylicum is used for

Archeans, and Bacteria

All are composed of cells. Which are the PROKARYOTES?

Algae, Fungi, and Protozoa

All are composed of cells. Which are the EUKARYOTES?

Cellulase

This contribute in the enzymatic splitting of cellulose.

Cellulose

This cannot be exploited in our human digestive tract using our body’s own enzymes. This is why __________ is broken down by microbial flora present in our large intestine, but the resulting products are not absorbed by the body.

Pathogens

disease-causing microorganisms

Nonpathogens

do not cause disease

Germs

Although not a scientific term, they are the microorganisms that cause disease

Infectious Disease, and Microbial Intoxication

Microorganisms cause 2 categories of diseases

Infectious Disease

pathogen colonizes body and subsequently cause disease

Microbial Intoxication

when a person ingests toxin (poisonous substance) produced by a microorganism

Infectious Disease

The pathogen causes a disease

Microbial Intoxication

A pathogen produces a toxin in vitro

Algae

PATHOGENS: A very rare cause of infections; intoxications (which result from ingestion of toxins)

Bacteria

PATHOGENS: Anthrax, botulism, cholera, diarrhea, diphtheria, ear and eye infections, food poisoning, gas gangrene, gonorrhea, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), intoxications, Legionnaires’ disease, leprosy, Lyme disease, meningitis, plague, pneumonia, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, scarlet fever, staph infections, strep throat, syphilis, tetanus, tuberculosis, tularemia, typhoid fever, typhus, urethritis, urinary tract infections, whooping cough

Fungi

PATHOGENS: Allergies, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, intoxications, meningitis, pneumonia, thrush, tinea (ringworm) infections, yeast vaginitis

Protozoa

PATHOGENS: African sleeping sickness, amebic dysentery, babesiosis, Chagas’ disease, cryptosporidiosis, diarrhea, giardiasis, malaria, meningoencephalitis, pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, trichomoniasis

Viruses

PATHOGENS: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), “bird flu,” certain types of cancer, chickenpox, cold sores (fever blisters), common cold, dengue, diarrhea, encephalitis, genital herpes infections, German measles, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), hemorrhagic fevers, hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, influenza, measles, meningitis, mumps, pneumonia, polio, rabies, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), shingles, smallpox, warts, yellow fever

Botulism

also called food poisoning, a rare but potentially fatal illness caused by a toxin produced by a bacterium Clostridium botulinum

Clostridium botulinum

Botulism is an example of Microbial Intoxication, and caused by a toxin produced by a bacterium?

Clostridium botulinum

Botulism is an example of Infectious Disease, and caused by?

SARS-CoV-2

COVID-19 is the disease caused by?

Clostridium tetani

Tetanus caused by ___________, commonly known to be acquired from rusty materials, but as well as from soil, dust, manure, which manifests through lock jaw

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is caused by _________________ which does not only target our lungs, but also our kidney, spine, and even our brain and bones

Escherichia coli

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) is caused by?

Plasmodium falciparum

Malaria is from Anopheles mosquito: there are 4 kinds of malarial parasites but this is the severe → death.

Joseph Lister, and Louis Pasteur

They suggested the introduced the use of carbolic acid (phenol) as an antiseptic to reduce infection rates during surgery

Vibrio cholerae

Cholera is caused by what bacterium?

Food Spoilage, and Disease Occurrence

Knowledge of microorganisms allows human to prevent?

Aseptic Technique

procedure that is performed under sterile condition

Carl Linnaeus

He established the system of scientific nomenclature. Each organism has two names: the genus and specific epithet.

Italicized, or Underlined

SCIENTIFIC NAMES: they are written?

Capitalized

SCIENTIFIC NAME: The genus is?

Lower Case

SCIENTIFIC NAME: The specific epithet is in?

Latinized

SCIENTIFIC NAMES: They are _______ and used worldwide

Descriptive, or Honor a Scientist

SCIENTIFIC NAMES: The scientific name may be?

Staphylococcus aureus

Describes the clustered arrangement of the cells and the golden color of the colonies

Escherichia coli

Honors the discoverer, Theodor Escherich, and describes the bacterium’s habitat, the large intestine or colon

Theodor Escherich

Escherichia coli honors the discoverer?

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

CATEGORIES OF MICROORGANISMS: Three Domains

Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals

CATEGORIES OF MICROORGANISMS: Eukarya consists of?

Peptidoglycan

Bacteria’s cell wall is made from?

Protein, and Sugar

Peptidoglycan is a polymer found in the cell walls of bacteria, composed of?

Binary Fission

Bacteria performs this to be divided into two

Organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis

Bacteria uses these for energy

Archaea

Prokaryotic, they lack peptidoglycan

Archaea

Live in extreme environments: rift vents in the deep sea at a temperature of over 100℃, hot springs, alkaline and acidic waters, cold extreme environments, digestive tract of cows, termites, and the marine lives where they produce methane, muds at the bottom of the ocean, petroleum deposits deep underground, desiccating effects of saline water (salt-loving, extreme halophiles – halobacterium)

Halobacterium

It is a well-studied Archaean because of the bacterium rhodopsin that could give light

Rhodopsin

Halobacterium is a well-studied Archaean because of the bacterium _______ that could give light

Archaea

Include methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles

Extreme Methanogens

ARCHAEA: Cold

Halophiles

ARCHAEA: Salty

Extreme Thermophiles

ARCHAEA: Hot

Fungi

Eukaryotes, they cannot produce food on their own.

Chitin

Fungi’s cell walls made from?

Ergosterol

Chitin cell walls of fungi contains?

Hyphae

Molds and mushrooms are multicellular consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called?

Mycelia

Molds and mushrooms are multicellular consisting of masses of _________, which are composed of filaments called hyphae

Hyphae

FUNGI: They are thread-like

Molds, and mushroom

FUNGI: These are multicellular

Yeasts

FUNGI: These are unicellular

Protozoa

Eukaryotes, absorb or ingest organic chemicals

Protozoa

May be motile via pseudopods (false feet of, for example, amoeba [Entamoeba histolytica]), cilia (hair-like projections) or flagella (one or several whip-like projections, tail-like)

Pseudopods

PROTOZOA: false feet—crawling

Cilia

PROTOZOA: hair-like projections

Flagella

PROTOZOA: whip like a tail (specific movement)

Amoeba

PROTOZOA: Example of protozoa that has pseudopods

Paramecium

PROTOZOA: Example of protozoa that has cilia

Giardia, and Euglena

PROTOZOA: Example of protozoa that has flagella

Cellulose

Algae’s cell walls are made from?

Algae

Use photosynthesis for energy (plant-like), produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds

Molecular Oxygen, and Organic Compounds

Algae produces?

Acellular

Viruses are non-living things, therefore they are?

Protein Coat

Viruses’ core is surrounded by?

Lipid Envelope

Coat of viruses may be enclosed in a?

Living Host Cell

Viruses are replicated only when they are in a?

Viruses

They cannot live without a life form

DNA, or RNA

Viruses consists of _____ or _____ core (ONE ONLY OF THE TWO)

Viral Coat

VIRUSES: Tiny bundle of genetic material carried through a shell called? (protein coat)

Capsid

VIRUSES: made up of bits of proteins known as capsomeres

Capsomeres

VIRUSES: Capsid made up of bits of proteins known as?

Multicellular Animal Parasites

Eukaryote, multicellular animals

Helminths

Parasitic flatworms and round worms are called?

Platyhelminthes

MULTICELLULAR ANIMAL PARASITES: Flatworms are?

Nemathelminthes

MULTICELLULAR ANIMAL PARASITES: Round worms are?