Radiation Quiz & Flashcards Prep - Chapter 8 Objectives

practice

What factors affect early tissue reactions, and when do they appear?

Dose, duration, and tissue sensitivity. Early reactions may appear within minutes to weeks depending on severity.

What are some high-dose consequences of ionizing radiation?

Nausea, fatigue, erythema, epilation, blood disorders, intestinal damage, CNS injury, sterility, fever.

What is Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) and its stages?

ARS occurs after large whole-body radiation doses. Stages: Prodromal, Latent, Manifest Illness, and Recovery/Death.

Why do sublethal radiation doses allow recovery?

Because cells can repair themselves if damage isn't total. However, repeated exposure can cause cumulative damage.

What local tissue damage results from high radiation exposure?

Skin erythema, epilation, desquamation, sterility, and potential CNS damage at extremely high doses.

What radiation doses cause erythema and epilation?

Erythema: ~2 Gy; Epilation: temporary at moderate doses, permanent at high doses.

How does high-level fluoroscopy affect skin?

Prolonged fluoroscopy can cause erythema and desquamation due to localized high dose exposure.

What is cytogenetics and how is chromosome analysis done?

Cytogenetics is the study of chromosomes, often analyzed using a karyotype during metaphase of mitosis.

What is karyotyping and when is it used?

It’s a chromosome map made during metaphase to detect radiation-induced damage.

What are two chromosomal aberrations from ionizing radiation?

Chromosome and chromatid aberrations—deviations from normal structure observed during metaphase.

Who was Godfrey Hounsfield and what was his major invention?

Godfrey Hounsfield invented the CT scanner.

How did Hounsfield’s background differ from most scientists?

Hounsfield's background was different from most scientists.

What role did EMI and The Beatles play in the development of the CT scanner?

EMI and The Beatles played a role in the development of the CT scanner.

What was the medical impact of the CT scanner compared to pneumoencephalography?

The CT scanner had a significant medical impact compared to pneumoencephalography.

What are the four major stages of Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS)?

The four major stages of Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) are Prodromal, Latent, Manifest Illness, and Recovery/Death.

What dose range corresponds to hematopoietic syndrome and what are its symptoms?

Hematopoietic syndrome corresponds to a specific dose range and has specific symptoms.

What is the threshold dose for gastrointestinal syndrome and how does it lead to death?

Gastrointestinal syndrome has a threshold dose and it leads to death through a specific mechanism.

What dose causes cerebrovascular syndrome and what is its prognosis?

Cerebrovascular syndrome is caused by a specific dose and has a certain prognosis.

Define LD 50/30 and LD 50/60. What’s the human LD 50/60 dose?

LD 50/30 and LD 50/60 define lethal dose levels, and the human LD 50/60 dose is a specific value.

What skin conditions are caused by ionizing radiation?

Ionizing radiation causes specific skin conditions.

How does radiation affect the reproductive system in males and females?

Radiation affects the reproductive system in males and females in a specific way.

What is a Hounsfield Unit and what does it measure on a CT scan?

A Hounsfield Unit measures a specific parameter on a CT scan.

Why is metaphase used for chromosome damage evaluation?

Metaphase is used for chromosome damage evaluation because it has specific characteristics.