descriptive chemistry (transition metals + main group)

che2c

Sc (scandium)

• tm

• scandium fam

• common os: 0, +3

• similar chem to Mg

• no d e^-s in ions → colorless + diamagnetic

Ti (titanium)

• tm

• titanium fam

• common os: 0, +4

• similar chem to C + Si

• strong structure, lightwgt → bicycle frames + airplanes

• TiO₂ very white → paint + paper brightener

V (vanadium)

• tm

• vanadium fam

• common os: 0, +5

• used in alloys to strengthen material

• toxic

Nb (niobium) + Ta (tantalum)

• tm

• vanadium fam

• named after greek myth daughter (Nb) + dad (Ta)

• Nb = material of interest for superconductors

Cr (chromium)

• tm

• chromium fam

• common os: 0, +3, +4, +6

• 1st fam w/ multiple os found in nature

• derive from greek word chroma = color

• toxic

Mo (molybdenum) + W (tungsten)

• tm

• chromium fam

• bio important for enzymes + pigments

• W high mp → light bulb filaments + heat lamps

Mn (manganese)

• tm

• manganese fam

• most os: +2, +3, +4, +6, +7

• not found in nature as pure metal, always in ore

• use as catalyst, in alkaline batteries, strengthen steel, cofactors to enzymes

• permanganates = strong oxidizing agents

Tc (technetium)

• tm

• manganese fam

• lightest radioactive element (beta emitter)

• only man-made

• discovered in 1937

Fe (iron)

• tm

• iron fam

• common os: +2, +3 (but can range +2-6)

• important for civilization bc major steel component

• most common element on earth by mass

• bio important for O₂ transport in vertebrates + plant + animal redox enzymes

Co (cobalt)

• tm

• cobalt fam

• blue color for glass + dyes

• very rare to find pure, common in ores (w/ toxic + stinkee byproducts)

• “goblin” ore, “kobold” = german

Rh (rhodium)

• tm

• cobalt fam

• hard, corrosion resist., chemically inert

• very rare

• excellent metal for plating jewelry

Ir (iridium)

• tm

• cobalt fam

• rare, most from outer space

• use to develop + sup theories when asteroids hit earth

Ni (nickel)

• tm

• nickel fam

• apps: coins, batteries, prevent corrosion

Pt (platinum)

• tm

• nickel fam

• rare, unreactive, corrosion resist.

• apps: inert electrodes, jewelry, anti-cancer drugs

Cu (copper)

• tm

• copper fam

• good electricity conductor

• durable

• alloys: Cu/Sn, Cu/Zn

Ag (silver)

• tm

• copper fam

• high thermal + electrical conductivity, reflectivity

• more abundant > Au

• contact w/ S → tarnish

Au (gold)

• tm

• copper fam

• very unreactive, even to most acids

• most malleable

• use for jewelry + currency

Zn (zinc)

• tm

• zinc fam

• corrosion resist.

• toxic

Cd (cadmium)

• tm

• zinc fam

• toxic

• common os: +2

• use in batteries

Hg (mercury)

• tm

• zinc fam

• only metal thats liquid at room temp

• toxic dep on dose

• app: dental fillings

H (hydrogen)

• main group

• lightest element, escape gravity

• non-metal

• debatable location

• app: rocket fuel

Li (lithium)

• main group

• alkali metal (group 1)

• important for batteries

Be (beryllium)

• main group

• alkaline earth metal (group 2)

• small + hard

• high mp, ionization energy, covalent bonding

• low reactivity

• amphoteric oxide

Mg (manganese) + Ca (calcium)

• main group

• alkaline earth metal (group 2)

• bio important

• low solubility → hard H₂O

Ba (barium)

• main group

• alkaline earth metal (group 2)

• toxic

• absorb x-rays

• low solubility at low []s

• use for gastromed

Ra (radium)

• main group

• alkaline earth metal (group 2)

• radioactive

Al (aluminum)

• main group

• group 13

• Al₂O₃ (aluminum oxide) = basis of gems

B (boron)

• main group

• group 13

• non-metal

• 6 ve^-s

• form dimers

• similar chem to Si

Ga (gallium)

• main group

• group 13

• high density liquid

• low mp

C (carbon)

• main group

• group 14

• form pi bonds

• basis for life

• allotropes

Si (silicon)

• main group

• group 14

• Si-O bonds stronger > Si-Si

• basis for geology

Ge (germanium)

• main group

• group 14

• rare

• semiconductors

Sn (tin)

• main group

• group 14

• soft silver metal

• allotropes

Pb (lead)

• main group

• group 14

• soft

• toxic

• low mp

N (nitrogen)

• main group

• group 15

• stable or highly reactive

• form pi bonds

• important for dna, N fixation, atmos. rxns

P (phosphorus)

• main group

• group 15

• bigger

• d-orbitals avail for e^-s

• bonding

• in atp + adp

• fertilizer component

As (arsenic)

• main group

• group 15

• toxic

• semi-metal

Bi (bismuth)

• main group

• group 15

• heavy

• non-toxic

• good sub for Pb

O (oxygen)

• main group

• group 16

• 2 molecular forms (O₂ + O₃)

• O₃ = toxic, use for H₂O treatment, upper atmos. role

S (sulfur)

• main group

• group 16

• stinkee

• chemical weapons

• 30+ solid allotropes

• S₈ = ring structure

Po (polonium)

• main group

• group 16

• radioactive

• lethal

• in tobacco

F (fluorine)

• main group

• halogens (group 17)

• small

• high en

• dental care

• give cfcs + pfs stability

At (astatine)

• main group

• halogens (group 17)

• radioactive

He (helium)

• main group

• noble gases (group 18)

• no compounds

• light, escape atmos.

• important for experiments

• shortage concern

Ne (neon)

• main group

• noble gases (group 18)

• no compounds

• current → luminescent

Ar (argon)

• main group

• noble gases (group 18)

• air component

• some compounds

Kr (krypton), Xe (xenon), Rn (radon)

• main group

• noble gases (group 18)

• many stable compounds w/ expanded octets

Rn (radon)

• main group

• noble gases (group 18)

• radioactive

nickel fam

• stable, less reactive metals

• good catalysts

copper fam

• exist as metals in nature

zinc fam

• similar chem to Mg

alkali metals (group 1)

• common os: +1

• very reactive

• react w/ H₂O → H_{2 (g)}

• react w/ oxygen:

  • oxides: O^2-, Li₂O

  • peroxides: O₂^2-, Na₂O₂

  • superoxides: O₂^-, KO₂, RbO₂,CsO₂

alkaline earth metals (group 2)

• common os: +2

• low density, mp, bp, solubility

• form basic oxides

group 13

• common os: +1, +3

• soft

• relatively reactive metals

group 14

• common os: +2, +4, -4 (C + Si)

• 4 covalent bonds to non-metals

group 15

• multiple common os

group 16

• common os: 0 (O₂), -1 (peroxides), -2

halogens (group 17)

• common os: -1

• atomic form not in nature

• high en, form polar covalent bonds

• w/ O → oxyacids (ex: HClO, HClO₂, etc.)

noble gases (group 18)

• common os: 0

• low reactivity

• colorless, odorless, neutral

• low mp + bp