PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF URINE - MLS 112 - AUBF - LECTURE PRELIM

What is the normal daily urine volume?

The normal daily urine volume is 600 to 2500 mL per day, with an average of 1200 mL per day

What is Polyuria?

Polyuria is when urine volume exceeds 2000 mL in 24 hours. It can be caused by conditions like diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, excessive fluid intake, or diuretic therapy.

What is Oliguria?

Oliguria is when the urine volume is less than 500 mL in 24 hours. Potential causes include dehydration, shock, renal tubular dysfunction, and edema.

What is Anuria?

Anuria is the virtual absence of urine output. It can be seen in conditions such as acute renal failure, heart failure, and complete urinary tract obstruction.

What pigment gives urine its yellow color?

The yellow colour of urine is caused by the pigment urochrome, which is a product of endogenous metabolism and is produced at a constant rate under normal conditions.

What are two other pigments that contribute to urine color?

Uroerythrin and urobilin also contribute to the color of normal, fresh urine. Uroerythrin is a pink pigment that can attach to urates in refrigerated specimens. Urobilin is an oxidation product of urobilinogen and gives a not-fresh urine specimen an orange-brown color.

What can cause red or pink urine?

Red or pink urine can be caused by the presence of red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin, or myoglobin. It can also be a result of menstrual contamination or certain medications like rifampin.

What might dark yellow or amber urine indicate?

Dark yellow or amber urine can indicate a concentrated specimen, which may be normal after strenuous exercise or in a first morning sample. It can also be a sign of dehydration due to fever or burns.

What are some causes of blue or green urine?

Blue or green urine can be caused by medications like amitriptyline and methocarbamol, certain foods like Clorets, or infections such as those caused by Pseudomonas.

What are the common terms used to describe urine clarity?

The common terms to describe the clarity of urine are clear, hazy, cloudy, turbid, and milky.

What are some non-pathologic causes of urine turbidity?

Non-pathologic causes of urine turbidity include squamous epithelial cells, mucus, amorphous phosphates or urates, semen, fecal contamination, and talcum powder.

What are some pathologic causes of urine turbidity?

Pathologic causes of urine turbidity include the presence of red blood cells, white blood cells, bacteria, yeast, non-squamous epithelial cells, and abnormal crystals.

What is the significance of a clear urine specimen?

While freshly voided normal urine is usually clear, a clear specimen is not always normal. Microscopic examination may still be necessary based on chemical test results for blood, white blood cells, and protein.

What is the normal range for urine specific gravity?

The specific gravity of a normal random specimen can range from

1.003 to 1.035, with most falling between 1.015 and 1.025.