Art155 Test 3: Roman, Early Christian, and Byzantine Art

Etruscan married couple sarcophagus from Cerveteri, c.520 BC, terracotta.

Etruscan She-Wolf with Romulus and Remus, Rome, c.500 BC, bronze.

Ara Pacis (Altar of Peace), Rome, 13-9 BC, marble.

Colosseum, Rome, AD 80, Rome, travertine, tufa, brick and marble.

Pont du Gard Aqueduct, Nimes, France, 1^st century BC, stone.

Trajan’s Market, Rome, AD 110, brick. 

Trajan’s Column, Rome, AD 113, marble.

Pantheon, Rome, AD 117-125, marble, brick and concrete.

Augustus of Primaporta, Rome, 1^st century AD, marble.

Spoils of the Temple of Jerusalem, Arch of Titus, Rome, AD 81, marble.

Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius, Rome, AD 164-166, bronze.

Tetrarchy (Four Tetrarchs), Constantinople, AD 305, porphyry.

Arch of Constantine, Rome, AD 313, marble.

House of the Vettii, peristylium, AD 79, Pompeii.

Cubiculum, Villa of P. Fanius Synistor, Boscoreale, mid-first century BC.

Woman with a stylus, Pompeii, AD 70-79, fresco.

Daniel in the Lion’s Den, Catacomb of St. Peter & St. Marcellinus, Rome, early 4^th century, fresco

Early Christian sarcophagus, Santa Maria Antiqua, Rome, AD 270, marble.

Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, Rome,  AD 359, marble.

Interior of St. Paul outside the Walls, Rome, AD 385.

Christ as the Good Shepherd, Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, AD 425, mosaic. 

Church of Hagia Sophia, Constantinople, Anthemius and Isidoros, AD 537.

Dome of the Rock, Islamic. Jerusalem, AD 691.

Christ icon,  St. Catherine Monastery, Mt. Sinai, Egypt, 6^th century, encaustic.

Virgin Mary and Child Enthroned, St. Catherine Monastery, Mt. Sinai, Egypt, 6^th century, encaustic.

Crucifixion with Virgin Mary and St. John, Church of the Dormition, Daphni, Greece, 11^th century, mosaic. 

Hot Spring bath, Bath, England, AD 70, stone. 

forum

a large open space in the center of an ancient roman city that was used for a variety of purposes including political, religious, and social gatherings

oculus

a circular opening at the center of a dome, skylight

coffered ceiling

a series of sunken panels in a ceiling that create a grid-like pattern

microcosm

the oculus is seen as the microcosm, or center of the universe, at the center of the roof (also a small part or representation of something larger)

atrium

a large, open space in ancient roman homes that served as the center of family life

second commandment on idolatry

the second commandment stated that people were not allowed to worship idols, and therefore no artwork of idols was made, so there were no representations of God through art.

chi rho

christian symbols that represent Jesus Christ (chi: X, rho: P)

posthumous portrait

a painting of a deceased person, a circle is painted around the subject of the painting to signify that the person is deceased.

catacomb

underground burial sites used by christians in the Roman Empire

orante

a figure in art that is depicted in a posture of prayer, typically standing with outstretched arms.

basilica plan and central plan churches

Basilica (rectangle) plan, standard for Christian churches in Western Europe. Central (circle, square, octagon) plan, modified version of Pantheon, used for baptisteries and mausoleums in Roman Catholic and Byzantine churches.

apse

semi circlular side of building (Ex. roman basilica)

pendentive

a triangular component that allows a dome to be placed over square space

Constantine

the first christian roman emperor, used art and architecture to convey his power and religious beliefs to the public

edict of Milan

A proclamation issues in 313 by Roman emperors Constantine and Licinius, which granted religious tolerance to christians within the Roman Empire, effectively ending the persecution of christians and allowing them to practice their faith openly. It marked a significant turning point in the relationship between the Roman state and christianity, paving the way for its eventual widespread acceptance.

justinian

known for his patronage of art and architecture, which exemplifies the early Byzantine period

byzantine style

Style of art and architecture that originated in the Byzantine empire. it rejected the realistic forms of classical roman art in favor of highly stylized, flattened designs of elongated figures with angular faces, positioned face-on against gold background.

pantokrater

A style of christian art that depicts Jesus Christ as the ruler of the universe. Jesus is depicted frontally, with his right hand raised in a blessing gesture, and his left hand holding a bible, he is surrounded by a cruciform halo of chi rho.

the four innovative construction methods or materials used by roman architects

Arch, dome, vault, and concrete

four examples of roman civil engineering or public works (name, date, and location)

Temple: The Pantheon, Rome, 117-125 AD

Public bath: Baths of Caracalla, Rome, 211-217 AD

Market: Trajan’s Market, Rome, 110 AD

Aqueduct: Segovia, spain, 98 AD

two examples of political propaganda built by specific emperors (with dates)

Agustus of Primaporta 1st century AD, and Trajan’s column 113 AD

four examples of early christian iconography

Early Christian Iconography: encoded christian symbols

-Loaves and fishes parable

-Christian ring: lamb, dove, shepherd, fish, anchor

-Good shepherd fresco: good shepherd=pastor

-Fish and anchor cross