sociology test 1

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7 Terms

1

socialization

  • Socialization is a continuous process throughout lifetime

    • primary socialization: early years are the most formative

  • socialization is not an intellectual process, instead we embody codes from the world around us

  • socialization is not a mechanical process: we are not passive agents but may transgress

  • can transgress socalization/gender norms at various stages of life

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2

difference between biological sex and social sex

  • no such thing as a stable gender identity that one gradually learns through socialization

  • binary is a social construct

    • constructed by a patriarchal heteronarmative system eg: washrooms, parents, rights of passage (baby shower, marriage)

    • consistently reinforced

  • -if this binary was not constantly reproduced across social systems, it would not be socialized and embraced

  • people would be more fluid with their gender identities

    - two spirit societies

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3

systemic racism vs indiuvalds racism

  • systemic: the systemic bias against certain minorities, oppressing these communities through institutions upholding white hegemony

    • eg; job or university criteria that gives advantages to affluent individuals, over policing of black communities

  • individuals: prejudiced attitudes and actions that contribute to discrimination

    • due to upbringing etc

  • key features:

    • hegemony

    • environmental racism

    • historically rooted

    • resource allocation

    • privileges

    • justice system, laws, policies, prisons,

    • institutions

    • hierarchy

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4

racialization

  • The process by which society attributes racial identities to individuals or groups, often leading to the reinforcement of stereotypes and social hierarchies

  • essentialization: (takes race as their essence)

    • take a group and attribute it to race based on culture, religion, etc

    • reductionist; reduces humanity to a race

    • used to justify differential treatment and enable extermination

  • groups that “became white”

    • italian

    • irish

    • hungarians

    • salvs

    • jews

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5

socio-economic inequality

  • inequality: distribution of resources, where it is concentrated and hoarded among the rich

  • compares various groups such as top 5% to middle class

    • outcome of unequal distribution of economic resources in a given society

      • unequal distribution as a byproduct of political and ideological systems (capitalism)

      • policies: taxation of rich, minimum wage, means of production private vs public ownership

  • gap between upper class and lower class has increased substantially between the 80s

  • compare salary increase with other groups over time

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6

how are class inequalities reproduced

not just through financial means

  • access to opportunities

    • education, sports, jobs

  • geographic infrastructure inequalities

  • cultural and social capital

    • codes of speech, dress,

    • connections/network

  • environment/access to green spaces

  • media

  • upbringing

    • children exposed to art, music, food, clothing,

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7
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