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socialization
Socialization is a continuous process throughout lifetime
primary socialization: early years are the most formative
socialization is not an intellectual process, instead we embody codes from the world around us
socialization is not a mechanical process: we are not passive agents but may transgress
can transgress socalization/gender norms at various stages of life
difference between biological sex and social sex
no such thing as a stable gender identity that one gradually learns through socialization
binary is a social construct
constructed by a patriarchal heteronarmative system eg: washrooms, parents, rights of passage (baby shower, marriage)
consistently reinforced
-if this binary was not constantly reproduced across social systems, it would not be socialized and embraced
people would be more fluid with their gender identities
- two spirit societies
systemic racism vs indiuvalds racism
systemic: the systemic bias against certain minorities, oppressing these communities through institutions upholding white hegemony
eg; job or university criteria that gives advantages to affluent individuals, over policing of black communities
individuals: prejudiced attitudes and actions that contribute to discrimination
due to upbringing etc
key features:
hegemony
environmental racism
historically rooted
resource allocation
privileges
justice system, laws, policies, prisons,
institutions
hierarchy
racialization
The process by which society attributes racial identities to individuals or groups, often leading to the reinforcement of stereotypes and social hierarchies
essentialization: (takes race as their essence)
take a group and attribute it to race based on culture, religion, etc
reductionist; reduces humanity to a race
used to justify differential treatment and enable extermination
groups that “became white”
italian
irish
hungarians
salvs
jews
socio-economic inequality
inequality: distribution of resources, where it is concentrated and hoarded among the rich
compares various groups such as top 5% to middle class
outcome of unequal distribution of economic resources in a given society
unequal distribution as a byproduct of political and ideological systems (capitalism)
policies: taxation of rich, minimum wage, means of production private vs public ownership
gap between upper class and lower class has increased substantially between the 80s
compare salary increase with other groups over time
how are class inequalities reproduced
not just through financial means
access to opportunities
education, sports, jobs
geographic infrastructure inequalities
cultural and social capital
codes of speech, dress,
connections/network
environment/access to green spaces
media
upbringing
children exposed to art, music, food, clothing,