Thorax, Abdomen, and Pelvis

How many ribs and costal cartilages are there?

24 (12 per side)

Which ribs are true ribs?

ribs 1-7

Which ribs are false ribs?

ribs 8-10

Which ribs are floating ribs?

ribs 11-12

What structures make up the sternum?

manubrium, sternal body, and xiphoid process

Which rib and costal cartilage is located at the sternal angle at level T4

2nd costal cartilage and 2nd rib

The costotransverse joints of ribs 1-7 produce what motion?

rotation

The costotransverse joints of ribs 8-10 produce what motion?

gliding

What costal facets doe rib 7 articulate with?

inferior costal facet of T6, superior costal facet of T7, and transverse costal facet of T7

What is the diaphragm?

the primary muscle of inspiration

The diaphragm has a central tendon to what structures?

xiphoid process of the sternum, ribs and costal cartilages 7-12, L1-L2 (left crus) and L1-L3 (right crus)

What is the innervation of the diaphragm?

phrenic nn. (C3-C5)

What are the left and right crus?

bony attachments to the vertebral column

Inspiration is controlled by what muscle?

the diaphragm

What happens during inspiration?

the diaphragm moves down causing a decrease in intrathoracic pressure, air is drawn in

What is expiration?

the passive, elastic recoil of the lungs (moves up)

What happens during expiration?

muscles relax causing an increase in intrathoracic pressure and decrease in intra-abdominal pressure; air rushes out

What structures can you find in the intercostal space?

intercostal nn., aa., vv. and muscles

What is the function of the intercostal mm.?

run from rib to adjacent rib and support the intercostal space

What are the intercostal muscles?

External intercostal muscles, internal intercostal muscles, and innermost intercostal muscles

What does the external intercostal mm. do?

run continuous with the external oblique and elevate the ribs

What does the internal intercostal mm. do?

runs continuous with the internal oblique and depress the ribs (interosseous part)/ elevate the ribs (interchondral part)

What does the innermost intercostal mm. do?

deep part of the internal intercostal muscles (ribs 2-6)

What separates the internal intercostal mm. from the innermost intercostal mm?

the intercostal vein, artery, and nerve

What muscles are found on the internal thorax?

levator costarum m. and transversus thoracis mm.

Levator Costarum O:

transvere process of T7-T11

Levator Costarum I:

rib near the angle

Levator Costarum N:

posterior primary rami of C8-T11

Levator Costarum A:

elevate ribs on posterior side

Transversus Thoracis O:

sternal body

Transversus Thoracis I:

costal cartilages 2-6

Transversus Thoracis N:

intercostal nn. (blood supplied by internal thoracic a.)

Transversus Thoracis A:

depress ribs on anterior side

How does the scalene mm. assist with respiration?

elevate ribs 1-2

How does the External Intercostal mm. assist with respiration?

elevate ribs

How does the Internal/Innermost mm. assist with respiration?

depress ribs (and elevate)

How does the Transversus Thoracis mm. assist with respiration?

depress ribs

How does the Serratus Posterior Superior mm. assist with respiration?

elevate ribs

How does the Serratus Posterior Inferior mm. assist with respiration?

depress ribs

How does the Levator Costarum mm. assist with respiration?

elevate ribs

What structures make up the aorta?

ascending aorta, arch of the aorta and branches, brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid a., left subclavian aa., and descending aorta

What does the brachiocephalic trunk split into?

right common carotid a., and the right subclavian a.

How do the subclavian v. and interjugular v. run?

anterior to the anterior scalene muscle

What structures make up the brachiocephalic v.?

subclavian v. and the interjuglar v.

How does the brachiocephalic v. run?

posterior to the SC joint

What structures form the superior vena cava?

right and left brachiocephalic vv.

What is the vagus n. function?

to control heart rate and digestion

How does the right vagus n. run?

anterior to the subclavian a. and posterior to the right brachiocephalic v.

How does the left vagus n. run?

between the left common carotid a. and the left subclavian a.

What nerve helps innervate the larynx?

left recurrent laryngeal nn.

How does the phrenic n. run?

anterior to the scalene m.

How does the trachea run?

posterior and splits into right main bronchus and left main bronchus (bifurcation)

How does the esophagus run?

posterior to the trachea

Where is the base of the lungs?

inferior, rests on diaphragm

Where is the apex of the lungs?

superior, slightly superior and posterior to the clavicle

Where is the costal surface of the lungs?

along the ribs

Where is the mediastinal surface of the lungs?

medial

What are the difference between the right and left lungs?

the right lung has superior, middle, and inferior lobes and the left lung only has superior and inferior lobes. the right lung also has oblique and horizontal fissures while the left lung only has an oblique fissure.

What structures are located on the right side of the heart?

right atrium, right ventricle, and ligamentum arteriosum

What happens to blood at the right atrium?

deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava is dumped

What happens to blood at the right ventricle?

the deoxygenated blood flows through the right ventricle and is pumped into the pulmonary trunk before being carried to the the right and left pulmonary arteries

What is the innervation of the ligamentum arteriosum?

left recurrent laryngeal n.

What is the function of the ligamentum arteriosum?

during fetal development, it acts as a shunt to prevent blood from flowing into lungs. After that it ensures the pulmonary trunk and aortic arch stay in the right relationship to each other

What structures are located on the left side of the heart?

left atrium and left ventricle

What happens to blood at the left atrium?

oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins drain into the left atrium and is pumped into the left ventricle

What happens to blood at the left ventricle?

oxygenated blood from the left ventricle is pumped into the aorta and then arterioles. Blood in the arterioles enter the systemic capillaries for the exchange of gas and nutrients and produces deoxygenated blood.

What structures make up the Atrioventricular (AV) Valve on the right side of the heart?

Tricuspid valves

What structures make up the Atrioventricular (AV) Valve on the left side of the heart?

Bicuspid and Mitral Valves

What structures make up the aortic valve?

semilunar cusps

What structures make up the pulmonary valve?

semilunar cusps

What does the Right (Tricuspid) Valve do?

controls blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle and prevents back flow

What does the Left (Bicuspid/Mitral) valve do?

controls blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle and prevents back flow

What does the Aortic valve do?

opens to let oxygen rich blood into the aorta

What does the Pulmonary valve do? opens to let the

opens to let deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary trunk

Where does the aorta carry blood too?

the body

Where does the pulmonary arteries carry blood to?

the lungs

How many abdominal regions are there?

9

How many abdominal quadrants are there?

4

What structures are found in the Right Upper Quadrant?

liver, pancreas, gallbladder, right kidney(right adrenal gland), small intestine(duodenum), lung, ascending and transverse colon

What structures are found in the Left Upper Quadrant?

stomach, spleen, liver, left kidney(left adrenal gland), pancreas, transverse and descending colon

What structures are found in the Right Lower Quadrant?

cecum (large intestine), ilium(small intestine), appendix, right ureter, right ovary and fallopian tube, right spermatic cord

What structures are found in the Left Lower Quadrant?

sigmoid colon, descending colon, left ureter, left ovary and fallopian tube, left spermatic cord

Where is McBurney’s point located?

right lower quadrant

Pain at a point between the right iliac crest and umbilicus is most indicative of what condition?

Appendicitis

What structures are on the anterolateral abdominal wall?

external oblique, internal oblique, and the transversus abdominis

How does the external oblique run?

superificial with a hands in pocket orientation

External Oblique O:

ribs 5-12

External Oblique I:

iliac crest, linea alba, and pubic tubercle

External Oblique N:

ventral primary rami T7-T11 and T12 (subcostal n.)

External Oblique A:

trunk flexion, contralateral rotation, and support abdominal viscera

How does the internal oblique run?

intermediate with a hands out of pocket orientation

Internal Oblique O:

thoracolumbar fascia and iliac crest

Internal Oblique I:

ribs 10-12, linea alba, and pubis

Internal Oblique N:

ventral primary rami T7-L1

Internal Oblique A:

trunk flexion and ipsilateral rotation

How does the Transversus Abdominis muscle run?

its the inner most muscle

Transversus Abdominis O:

thoracolumbar fascia and iliac crest

Transversus Abdominis I:

linea alba abd pubis

Transversus Abdominis N:

ventral primary rami T7-L1

Transversus Abdominis A:

compress and support abdominal viscera