AP Hug Unit 2 Vocab

Rate of natural increase (RNI)

the death rate-birth rate

demographic equation

uses birth rates and death rates along with immigration and emigration statistics to show population growth or change

crude birth rate (CBR)/natality

number of infants born in a year / the total population and x1000

annual statistic

a statistic that is measured on a yearly basis

crude death rate (CBR)/mortality rate

number of deaths in one year / total population x1000

fecundity

number of offspring an individual or population is able to produce within a given period of time; may include both birth rates and survival rates of young

double-income no-kid (DINK)

describes a couple living together without children in which both partners are receiving an income

net migration rate (NMR)

the number of immigrants - the number of emigrants for every 1000 members of the population

total fertility rate (TFR)

the estimated average number of children born to each female of birthing age (15-45)

dependency ratio

number of people too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in the work place

demographic transition model

how population changes over time; every country categorized into one of four stages

epidemiological transition model

distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition, increasing population growth rates caused by medical advancements

agricultural economy

agriculture for trade, as opposed to subsistence, chief economic activity (characteristic of stage 2 of the DTM)

manufacturing-based economy

economy that has transitioned away form agriculture and toward manufacturing and industry as the chief economic activity (stage 3 of the DTM)

S-curve

distinct shape in the DTM that indicated rapid population growth followed by a decline due to the population reaching/exceeding carrying capacity

Transhumance

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

gross domestic product (GDP)

the dollar value of all goods and services produced in a country in one year

zero population growth (ZPG)

occurs when birth rates reach the same level as death rates

guest workers

foreign workers with permission to temporarily work and reside in a host country (low pop. growth to prevent the workforce from diminishing)

J-curve

pattern of exponential growth on a graph characterized by the doubling of the population every few decades

population structure

the distribution of a population according to designated demographic traits (age, sex) can reveal a lot about growth rates/ economic development

gender distribution

the balance of males VS females in a population pyramid (girls are always right)

age distribution

the balance of ages groups within a population

age cohort

Generally made up of 5-year sets and is represented by a bar

sex ratio

number of males per 100 females

geographic center, centroid

the geometric center of the country

population-weighted centroid

population center of a center

malthusian catastrophe

prediction by Thomas Malthus taht the increase in human population would surpass the increase in food production

population density

number of people per square unit of land (arithmetic) or number of people per square unit of arable land (physiologic)

ecumene

the living space of humans on the Earth's surface

forced migration

people involuntarily leave or are taken from their homes; forced labor through human trafficking or enslavement, government relocation, natural disasters, war, or persecution

asylum

protection granted by a nation to refugees fleeing political persecution

amnesty programs

allow undocumented immigrants the opportunity to apply for official status of citizenship without facing arrest or deportation

step migration

when people move up in a hierarchy of locations, with each move to a more advantageous or economically prosperous place

chain migration

occurs when a pioneering individual or group settles in a new place, establishing a new migrant foothold and encouraging others to migrate to the location (ethnic enclaves)

cyclic movement

work for a limited period of time before returning to their home countries

periodic movement

cyclic movement on an annual or season basis (agricultural workers coming from Mexico to the US for different harvest periods, then returning home for harvests on family farms)

push factors

specific things that make people want to leave a place or situation

pull factors

things that attract people to a place or situation