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Enterobacterales coli characteristics
rods
facultative anaerobes
oxidase negative
glucose and lactose fermentation
Enterobacterales coli virulence factors
Structural antigens:
O - found on polysaccharide of LPS
H - found on flagella
K - polysaccharides of capsules
UPEC clinical significance
most common cause of UTI
UPEC antibiotics
nitrofurantoin
ETEC virulence factors
heat-stable (ST) and heat-labile (LT) toxins
ST increase cAMP
ETEC clinical significance
traveler’s diarrhea
transmitted via fecal-oral route
EPEC virulence factors
pedestal development
EPEC clinical significance
watery diarrhea in infants
non-invasive infection
comes from poor sanitation
EHEC virulence factors
Shiga-like toxins 1 or 2
most common serotype is O157:H7
EHEC clinical significance
hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)
can cause thrombocytopenia in children ages 5-10
EHEC antibiotics
not recommended
Salmonella virulence factors
produce H2S
invasion on M cells
intracellular pathogen - evasion of phagocytosis
Salmonella clinical significance
gastroenteritis
enteric or typhoid fever
Typhi and Typhimurium most common serotypes
associated with eggs, poultry, and turtles
chronic carriers - typhi in gallbladder
Salmonella antibiotics
ceftriaxone
ciprofloxacin
Shigella characterisitcs
rods
humans only host
highly infectious
Shigella virulence factors
Shiga toxins
transmitted via fecal-oral route
Shigella clinical significance
shingellosis
invasion/destruction of intestines
bloody diarrhea
HUS with S. dysenteriae
Shigella antibiotics
ceftriaxone
ciprofloxacin
azithromycin
Klebsiella clinical significance
bacteremia
UTI
hospital patients
multi-drug resistant
Klebsiella antibiotics
3rd and 4th generation cephalosporin
Serratia clinical significance
lower respiratory infections
UTI
hospital patients
multi-drug resistant
Campylobacter jejuni characteristics
curved, spiral, or s-shape
darting motility
microaerophilic
Campylobacter jejuni virulence factors
cytotoxin
enterotoxin - related to cholera toxin
Campylobacter jejuni clinical significance
acute enteritis
from wild and domestic animals
transmitted via fecal-oral route
from contaminated meat or water
Campylobacter jejuni antibiotics
azithromycin
Vibrio cholerae virulence factors
AB toxin - cholera toxin that activates Gs protein and elevates cAMP
Vibrio cholerae clinical significance
rice water stool
from consumption of raw or undercooked seafood
from contaminated water
Vibrio cholerae antibiotics
doxycycline
Vibrio vulnificus clinical significance
soft tissue infections
necrotizing fasciitis
from seafood and cuts
Helicobacter pylori characteristics
corkscrew
rapid motility
microaerophilic
Helicobacter pylori virulence factors
urease - neutralize stomach acids
cytotoxin - destruction of mucus-producing cells
Helicobacter pylori clinical significance
acute gastritis
duodenal and gastric ulcers
gastric carcinoma and B-cell lymphoma
Helicobacter pylori antibiotics
metronidazole
tetracycline
Haemophilus influenzae virulence factors
capsule - antiphagocytic
requires factor X and V for growth
Haemophilus influenzae clnical significance
bacterial meningitis in children
neurological sequelae
type b (Hib) - serious invasive disease
Humans only natural host
transmitted via respiratory droplets
Haemophilus influenzae treatment
vaccine
3rd gen cephalosporin
Bordtella pertussis characteristics
coccobacilli
single or pairs
Bordetella pertussis virulence factors
pertussis toxin - AB toxin
catarrhal phase - highly contagious
paroxysmal phase - whooping cough
Bordetella pertussis clinical significance
whooping cough
mild cases in adults
unvaccinated children
Bordetella pertussis treatment
vaccine
azithromycin
Legionella pneumophila characteristics
rods
facultative intracellular parasite
Legionella pneumophila virulence factor
prevents phagolysosomal fusion
Legionella pneumophila clinical significance
Legionnaires disease
pontiac fever
atypical cause of CA-pneumonia
Legionella pneumophila antibiotics
azithromycin
Pseudomonas aeruginosa characteristics
rods
oxidase positive
nonfermentors
facultative anaerobe
Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factors
various secretion systems
various toxins
pili
capsule
Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical significance
green/blue pigment
grape juice and tortilla chip odor
localized infections
systemic infections
biofilms
cystic fibrosis pts high risk
Pseudomonas aeruginosa antibiotics
pipercillin/tazobactam
Moraxella catarrhalis clinical significance
infections: respiratory, middle ear, CNS, joints
Moraxella catarrhalis antibiotics
amoxicillin clavulanate
Acinetobacter baumanii clinical significance
HA - pneumonia
infections - blood and wounds
UTI
Acinetobacter baumanii antibiotics
beta-lactams
carbapenems
Treponema pallidum characteristics
spirochete
endoflagella
required cells for culture
does not contain LPS
Treponema pallidum virulence factors
antigenic variation of surface proteins - immune evasion
hyaluronidase - dissemination
Treponema pallidum clinical significance
syphilis - chancres, rash, and CNS degeneration
congenital syphilis
Treponema antibiotics
penicillin IV
Borrelia burgdorferi clinical significance
lyme disease - rash that progresses to chronic arthritis and CNS disease
Borrelia burgdorferi characteristics
spirochete
endoflagella
require cells for culture
no LPS
Borrelia burgdorferi antibiotics
doxycycline
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