joints lecture slides

fibrous joint

held together with collagen

cartilaginous joint

held together by cartilage

synovial

- connected via a synovial cavity

- all diarthrotic

synarthrotic

immovable

amphiarthrotic

limited movement

diarthrotic

freely movable

types of fibrous joints

1. gomphosis

2. suture

3. syndesmosis

types of cartilaginous joints

1. synchondrosis

2. symphysis

types of synovial joints

1. ball and socket

2. condylar

3. hinge

4. pivot

5. plane

6. saddle

gomphosis

- fibrous, synarthrotic

- periodontal ligaments that lock tooth into socket

suture

- fibrous, synarthrotic

- short interlocking fibers, only in skull

syndesmosis

- fibrous, synarthrotic/amphiarthrotic

- attach bones together

- tibia/fibular - no movement

- radius/ulna - slight movement

symphysis

- cartilaginous, amphiarthrotic (compression)

- intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

synchondrosis

- cartilaginous, synarthrotic

- bones joined together - growth plate, sternum/clavicle, sternum/ribs

ball and socket

- multiaxial

- hip/shoulder

condylar

- biaxial

- metacarpophalangeal

- metatarsalophalangeal

hinge

- uniaxial

- elbow/knee

- interphalange

pivot

- uniaxial

- neck

- radioulnar

plane

- nonaxial

- acromioclavicular

- intertarsal/intercarpal

saddle

- biaxial

- calcaneocuboid

- trapezoid to metacarpal 1

flexion

decrease angle of joint

extension

return angle of joint to 0 (normal)

hyperextension

increase angle of joint

adduction

move region of body toward midline

abduction

moe region of body away from midline

circumduction

combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction

lateral rotation

rotates part of body laterally along axis

medial rotation

rotate part of body medially along axis

pronation

rotation of forearm where palm turns posteriorly

supination

rotations of forearm where palms turns anteriorly

depression

move part of body inferiorly

elevvation

moving part of body superiorly

plantarflexion

sole of foot pushes posteriorly (push gas pedal)

dorsiflexion

sole of foot pushes anteriorly

eversion

turn the sole of the foot outward

inversion

turn the sole of the foot inward

protraction

move a part forward

retraction

move a part backward

joint cavity

- space between bones containing synovial fluid

- reduces friction, provides nutrients and removes waste

where is hyaline cartilage located and its function?

- between ends of bones that face each other (except in temporomandibular joint)

- contains synovial fluid - slippery fluid forced out with each compression

- absorbs compression

joint capsule

- 2 layered covering for joint

- fibrous later of dense irregular CT

- synovial layer of loose CT that produces synovial fluid

fat pads

- adipose tissue between synovial membrane and fibrous capsule

- move with joint - especially where cavity changes shape

- cushion and shock absorber

bursa/tendon sheaths

- closed regions of synovial membrane around most synovial joints between skin and bone (beneath deep fascia, over tendons)

- no real space between layers - only thing layer of synovial fluid

- reduce friction

articulations of the knee joint

1. condyles of femur to condyles of tibia

2. patellar to femur

medial and lateral menisci

- C-shaped fibrocartilage that attach in intercondylar area of tibia and via the transverse ligament

- stabilize and cushion

anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments

- ACL runs between anterior intercondylar region to lateral intercondylar fossa

- PCL runs between posterior intercondylar region to medial condyle of tibia

- prevents anterior and posterior displacement

medial and lateral collateral ligaments

prevent medial and lateral displacement

articulations of the elbow

1. capitulum of humerus and head of radius

2. trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna

3. head of radius and radial notch of ulna

what does the pivot joint at the radius and ulna allow for?

pronation and supination

purpose of .... radial collateral ligament, ulnar collateral ligament and anular ligament

- lateral stabilization

- medial stabilization

- stabilize radius for pronation and supination

articulation of glenohumeral joint

- head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula

- thick fibrocartilaginous rings surround glenoid cavity of scapula