AP WORLD HISTORY ALL VOCAB (Units 1-9)

Indian Ocean Sea Lanes

Trade route throughout the Indian Ocean

Silk Roads

Land-based trade routes that linked Eurasia

Trans-Saharan Trade Route

A trade route that connected North Africa to the Middle East mostly via the Sahara Desert

Dar al-Islam

"House of Islam" - everywhere Islam is GEOGRAPHICALLY

Decentralized government

Government where power is divided among national and state governments (broken-up)

Byzantine Empire

Eastern portion of the Roman Empire

Song Dynasty

The Dynasty that controlled China (1200-1450)

Abbasid Caliphate

Important Caliphate that ruled South Asia and the Middle East (1200-1450)

Great Zimbabwe

A powerful state in the African interior that emerged from trade

Confucianism

Philosophy based on the teachings of Confucius; believes in hierarchy within the government, family, etc

Neo-Confucianism

The Confucian response to Buddhism by taking Confucian, Buddhist, and Daoist beliefs and combining them into this syncretic religion

Mahayana Buddhism

Religion based on Buddhism that focuses on Buddha's compassion ("fat and happy Buddha"); viewed Buddha as divine

Theravada Buddhism

Religion based on Buddhism that focuses on practice rather than beliefs; did not view Buddha as divine

Sinification

Term used to describe the widespread adoption of Chinese culture throughout East Asia

Civil Service Exam

Exam based on Confucian teachings that was used to select people for various government service jobs in China

Grand Canal

Massive canal linking northern and southern China; important for trade

Champa rice

Quick-maturing rice that can be harvested twice in one season; led to extreme population growth in China

Proto-industrialization

Term that describes the shift away from an agricultural economy

Tribute system

A system in which colonies/defeated lands were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor

Scholar gentry

Class of well-educated elite who worked for the Chinese government

Foot binding

Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; made it easier to confine women to the household

Woodblock printing

A form of printing in which an entire page is carved into a block of wood

Gunpowder

Dominant military technology used to expand European and Asian empires

Compass

Navigational technology used to measure directions

Mamluk Sultanate

Islamic Empire in Egypt (1200-1450)

Seljuk Turks

Nomadic group that ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East; became the Ottoman Empire

Mali Empire

Islamic Empire located in West Africa

5 pillars of faith

An aspect/practice of Islam that united people living in diasporic communities

Umma

Term for all Muslims as a COMMUNITY (not classified by region!!)

Quran

Holy book of Islam; united people living in diasporic communities

House of Wisdom

A center of learning established in Baghdad (Abbasid Caliphate)

Baghdad

Capital of the Abbasid Caliphate; major trade center

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

Scholar and mathematician known for his significant advances in knowledge of mathematics (cultural innovator in Dar al-Islam)

Al Razi

Known as the greatest Muslim physician (cultural innovator in Dar al-Islam)

'A'ishah al-Ba'uniyyah

Known as the most prolific female Muslim writer (cultural innovator in Dar al-Islam)

Sufism

Philosophy based on Islamic mysticism (cultural innovation of Dar al-Islam)

Harem

Living quarters reserved for wives and concubines and female relatives in a Muslim household

Hadiths

Traditions of the prophet Muhammad

Polygyny

A form of marriage in which men have more than one wife

Battle of Tours

European victory over Muslims; halted Muslim movement into Western Europe

Battle of Talas

Battle between the Tang dynasty and the Muslims; Muslims win and spread Islam

The Crusades

A long series of wars between Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia; led to European interest in luxury items

Delhi Sultanate

The kingdom established by Mahmud's successors; spread Islam in India (1200-1450)

Vijayanagara Empire

Dominant state in Southern India during this time

Rajput Kingdoms

Set of kingdoms in India that were wealthy due to trade and a good economy (1200-1450)

Srivijaya Empire

Kingdom located in Indonesia that flourished during this time (1200-1450)

Majapahit Kingdom

Southeast Asian kingdom centered on the island of Java (1200-1450)

Khmer Empire

Kingdom located in Southeast Asia, specifically Cambodia (1200-1450)

Bhakti Movement

Hindu devotional movement that emphasized music, dance, poetry, and rituals

Angkor Wat

A temple complex built in the Khmer Empire and dedicated to the Hindu God

Cahokia

Largest pre-Columbian city in the Americas; located in present-day Mississippi

Chaco

Ancestral Pueblo civilization that centered in present-day New Mexico

Mesa Verde

Composed of large cliff-dwellings; located in present-day Colorado

Mayan City States

Composed of groups of people known as the Maya; never formed a single unified state

Aztec Empire

Major empire that developed in Mexico (1200-1450)

Incan Empire

Major empire that controlled land from Peru to Chile (1200-1450)

Chinampas

System of agriculture used by the Aztecs; garden beds that are raised slightly above swampland/shallow water

Terrace farming

System of agriculture used by the Aztecs; crops were grown in the form of steps going up a mountain

Carpa Nan

Massive road system in the Incan Empire built by slaves and coerced laborers

Waru Waru

Agricultural system used by the Incan Empire; involved raised beds with irrigation channels to prevent erosion

Human sacrifice

Ritual of offering up a human life for religious purposes; practiced mostly by the Aztecs and Mayans

Calendar system

Technology developed by the Mayas to allow them to keep track of their ritual cycle

Theocracy

A form of government in which a Deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler; many states in the Americas used this (1200-1450)

Temple of the Sun

Religious center of the Incan Empire

Hausa Kingdoms

Kingdoms in northern Nigeria during this time

Swahili city-states

Waring states that were always competing for control of trade routes and each other; established by the Swahili (1200-1450)

Ethiopia

Christian Kingdom developed in East Africa (1200-1450)

Animism

Belief that objects or natural events have a discrete spirit and conscious life; popular in African culture

Griots

Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire

Matrilineal society

A society in which descent and inheritance comes through the mother's kinship line rather than the father's (practiced in some empires in the Americas)

Zanj Rebellion

A major uprising by the Zanj (slaves) against the Abbasid Caliphate

Great Schism

The official split between the Roman Catholic and Byzantine churches

Feudalism

Political system based on the bonds between lords and vassals

Holy Roman Empire

An empire consisting primarily of a loose confederation of German and Italian territories; ruled over much of western and central Europe

Manorial System

System of economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor for access to land

Renaissance

Known as "rebirth," this movement followed the Middle Ages in Europe and involved a flourish of previous European culture and innovation (1450ish)

Secularism

Movement that focuses on indifference/disconnect with religion (part of the Renaissance)

Humanism

A focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor (part of the Renaissance)

Urbanization

Process whereby cities grew and societies became more urban (part of the Renaissance)

Mongol Empire

Started as a nomadic group in Central Asia, became the largest land-based empire in the world and revived the Silk Roads

Caravanserai

Inns with large courtyards that provide accommodation for caravans

Bills of Exchange

Written orders requiring a person to make a specified payment (economic development in 1200-1450)

Hanseatic League

Organization of cities in Germany wanting to encourage trade

Luxury items

High-demand items such as silk and textiles

Bubonic Plague

Extremely deadly disease that spread among trade routes (1200-1450)

Buddhism

Religion based on the idea of reaching nirvana; prominent in South Asia

Islam

Religion based on the teachings of the prophet Muhammad; prominent in South Asia, Middle East, and Africa

Christianity

Religion based on the teachings of Jesus; prominent in Europe but sparsely spread in other parts of Afro-Eurasia

Hinduism

Religion based on reincarnation and achieving nirvana; prominent in South Asia

Genghis Khan

Founder and leader of the Mongol Empire

Khanates

The regions that remained after the Mongol Empire collapse

Siege weapons

Weapons used to attack castles and break down city walls

Yuan Dynasty

Khanate located in Eastern China (sometimes known as the Great Khanate)

Kublai Khan

Ruler of the Yuan Dynasty

Golden Horde

Khanate located in Northwestern China

Batu

Ruler of the Golden Horde

Ilkhanate

Khanate located in Southwestern China

Hulegu

Ruler of the Ilkhanate

Pax Mongolica

The period of relative stability in Eurasia under the Mongol Empire

Textiles

Type of cloth or woven fabric; traded along the trade routes (1200-1450)