Joshua Hall A&P Ch. 2

O, C, H

O, C, H

What are the three primary elements that make up all living things?

Ionic

_______ bond. The physical exchange of an electron from one atom to another. The result is one positively charge atom and one negatively charged ion that are extremely attracted to each other.

cation

The positively charged atom that is the product of an ionic bond.

anion

The negatively charged atom that is the product of an ionic bond.

covalent

____________ bond. Atomic bond that is the result of two atoms sharing electrons.

nonpolar

__________ molecules move into cells more easily than polar molecules.

hydrogen

__________ bond. Bonding that occurs between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and another atom that is slightly negative. Very important in water, protein folding, holding DNA strands together, dispersing heat, and much more.

cohesion

Tendency of water molecules to stick together.

adhesion

Tendency of water molecules to cling to other molecules.

thermal stability

Water has high _______ _______. Meaning that it takes a lot of energy to raise the temperature of water.

solvency

Water has high _______. Meaning that it is a powerful solvent.

universal

Water is a __________ solvent meaning that it can dissolve anything that is polar over time.

hydration shells

Water dissolves molecules by forming _______ _____ around the individual atoms.

proton donors

Acids release positive hydrogen ions and are referred to as _____ ____.

proton acceptors

Bases release negative hydroxyl ions and are referred to as ___ ________.

acidic

Low ph = ________

basic

High ph = _______

neutral

7 ph = ________

7.3-7.4

Blood ph = ______

buffers

__________ are molecules that resist changes to ph in the body.

fatty acid

Organic compound that is used for energy storage.

triglycerides

Organic compound that is used for energy storage and insulation. Glycerol + 3 fatty acids

phospholipids

Organic compound that makes up cell membranes.

steroids

Organic compounds that are used as chemical messengers. Ex: testosterone, estrogen

double

If a fat is unsaturated it has at least one _______ bond between the carbon atoms that reduces the total number of hydrogen atoms.

amphipathic molecules

Molecule that has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. ex: phospholipid

proteins

What are the most versatile molecules?

amino acids

What are proteins made of?

collagen

Structural protein example?

insulin

Communication protein example?

hemoglobin

Transport protein example?

alpha

Secondary structure that takes the shape of a helices.

beta

Secondary structure that takes the shape of pleated sheets.

tertiary structure

Combination of secondary structures (alpha helices and beta sheets) = ? ex: insulin

quaternary

Multiple tertiary structures being held together makes a _____________ structure. ex: hemoglobin

confirmation

Protein shape = Protein ________

temperature, ph, salinity

Denaturation of proteins can be caused by a change in three different things. What are those things?

nucleotides

Nucleic acids are made up of?

Nucleic acid ex: DNA, RNA, ATP